Vocabulary

Question 1

Hemolyzed

Answer 1

To undergo the rupturing of blood cells

Question 2

Erythrocytes

Answer 2

Red blood cells

Question 3

acetylcholine (ACh)

Answer 3

neurotransmitter used throughtout the parasympathetic nervous system as well as the neuromuscular junction

Question 4

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

Answer 4

enzyme that breaks down ACh in the synaptic cleft

Question 5

adipocyte

Answer 5

fat cells

Question 6

adrenergic tone

Answer 6

nervous input to the arteries that keeps them somewhat constricted to maintin a basal level of blood pressure

Question 7

afferent arteriole

Answer 7

small artery that carries blood toward te capillaries of the glomerulus

Question 8

albumin

Answer 8

a blood protein produced by the liver. Albumin helps to maintain blood osmotic pressure

Question 9

Oncotic pressure

Answer 9

blood osmotic pressure

Question 10

alimentary canal

Answer 10

“tube” that includes esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine

Question 11

androgens

Answer 11

male sex hormones (testosterone is the primary one)

Question 12

angiotensiogen

Answer 12

normal blood protein produced by the liver, angiotensinogen is converted to angiotensin I by renin (secreted by the kidney when blood pressure falls)
Angiotensin I is further converted to Angiotensin II by ACE. Angiotensin II is a powerful systemic vasoconstrictor and stimulator of aldosterone release….which both increase bp.

Question 13

avascular

Answer 13

lacking blood supply (ie. cartilage)

Question 14

basilar membrane

Answer 14

flexible membrane in the cochlea that supports the organ of Corti
the fibers of the basilar membrane are short and stiff near the oval window and long and flexible near the apex of the cochlea…allowing the basilar membrane to help tranduce pitch.

Question 15

Organ of Corti

Answer 15

structure that contains the hearing receptors

Question 16

Bohr effect

Answer 16

tendency of certain factors to stablilize hemoglobin in the tense conformation reducing its affinity for oxygen and enhansing the relase of oxygen to the tissure.

Question 17

Bone marrow

Answer 17

Red bone marrow is found in the spongy bone and is the site of RBC production
Yellow bone marrow is found in the diaphysis of the long bone and is mostly fat and inactive

Question 18

bowman’s capsule

Answer 18

region of the nephron that surrounds the glomerulus. capsule colelcts the plasma that is filtered from the capillaries in the glomerulus

Question 19

brush border enzymes

Answer 19

enzymes secreted by the mucosal cells lining the intestine. the brush border enzymes are disaccharidases and dipeptidases that digest the smallest carbohydrates and peptides into their respective monomers

Question 20

bulbourethral glands

Answer 20

secrete alkaline mucus on sexual arousal that lubricates the uretra and helps to neutralize any traces of acidic utrin in the urethra that might be harmful to sperm

Question 21

calcitriol

Answer 21

hormone produced from vitamin D that acts to increase seum calcium levels

Question 22

calmodulin

Answer 22

cytoplasmic Ca2+ binding protein important to smooth muscle cells where the binding of Ca2+ allows calmodulin to activate myosin light chain kinases which is the first step in the smooth muscle contraction

Question 23

canliculus

Answer 23

very small tube or channel such as is found between lacunae in compact bone

Question 24

capacitation

Answer 24

increase in the fragility of the membranes of sperm cells when exposed to the female reproductive tract…..this process is required so that the acrosomal enzymes can be released to facilitate fertilization

Question 25

carbonic anhydrase

Answer 25

enzyme present in erythrocytes that catalyzes the conversion of CO2 and H2O to carbonic acid

Question 26

Cardiac Output

Answer 26

volume of blood pumped out of the heart in 1 min. Stroke Volume x Heart Rate... CO is directly proportional to blood pressure

Question 27

cecum

Answer 27

first part of the large intestine

Question 28

central canal

Answer 28

hollow center of the osteon (aka Haversian canal). contains the blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves.

Question 29

Lamellae

Answer 29

bone laid down around the central canal in concenric rings

Question 30

cerebellum

Answer 30

region of the brain that coordinates and smoothes skeletal muscle activity

Question 31

chief cells

Answer 31

pepsinogen-secreting cells found at the bottom of the gastric glands of the stomach

Question 32

chondrocyte

Answer 32

mature cartilage cell

Question 33

choroid

Answer 33

darkly pigmented middle layer of the eyeball found between the sclera and the retina

Question 34

codominance

Answer 34

heterozygote displays the pheonotype associated with each of hte alleles (ie. Human blood type AB)

Question 35

corona radiata

Answer 35

layer of granulosa cells that surround an oocyte after it has been ovulated

Question 36

corpus luteum

Answer 36

remnants of an ovarian follicle after ovulation has occured. the cells enlarge and begin secreting progesterone, the dominant female hormone during the second half of the menstrual cycle. some estrogen is secreted

Question 37

dense connective tissue

Answer 37

connective tissure with alrge amounts of either collagen fivers or elastic fivers, or both. (ie. bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments...)

Question 38

dorsal root ganglion

Answer 38

group of sensory neuron cell bodies found just posterior to the spinal cord on either side. a pair of root ganglia exists for each spinal nerve that extends from the spinal cord. part of the PNS

Question 39

endotoxin

Answer 39

normal component of the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria. produce extreme immune reactions (septic shock) particularly when many of them enter the circulation at once

Question 40

enteric nervous system

Answer 40

nervous system of hte gastriointestinal tract. controls secreation and motility within the GI tract, and is linked to the CNS

Question 41

erythrocyte

Answer 41

red blood cell

Question 42

faculative anaerobe

Answer 42

will use oxygen if present but if it isn't present could be a normal anaerobe

Question 43

fascicle

Answer 43

bundle of skeletal muscle cells...groups of fasicles form a muscle cell

Question 44

Frank Starling mechanism

Answer 44

mechanism by which stroke volume of the heart is increased by increasing the venous return to the heart

Question 45

functional syncytium

Answer 45

syncytium is like a skeletal muscle all connected together with multipule nucli a functional syncytium is connected by gap junctions allowing the cells to function as a unit but still different cells.

Question 46

ganglion

Answer 46

clump of grey matter found in PNS

Question 47

Graafian follicle

Answer 47

large mature ovarian follicle with a well developed antrum and a secondary oocyte. ovulation of the oocyte occurs from this type of follicle.

Question 48

gustatory receptors

Answer 48

chemoreceptors on the tongue that respond to chemicals in food

Question 49

gyrase

Answer 49

prokaryotic enzyme used to twist the single circular cromosome upon itself to form supercoils.

Question 50

hematopoiesis

Answer 50

synthesis of blood cells

Question 51

hemostasis

Answer 51

stoppage of bleeding; blood clotting