Vocabulary Flashcards
(206 cards)
1
Q
Characteristics of Living Things
A
- Chemical Uniqueness
- Complexity & hierarchical organization
- Reproduction
- Possession of genetic program
- Development
- Environmental interaction
- Movement
- Metabolism
2
Q
Formation of Earth
A
Formed 4.6 bya
Life began 4 bya
3
Q
Oparin-Haldore Hypothesis
A
“Primordial soup theory”
Organic compounds characteristic of life formed slowly over time from simple molecules
Needed energy source to form complex organic molecules
4
Q
Miller-Urey Experiment
A
1953
Circulated water, hydrogen, methane, and ammonia with electric spark
15% of C converted to organic compounds
5
Q
Number of species
A
~8 mill eukaryotes
1.5 known
>20% of all extant species
>1% of all extinct species
6
Q
Chemical Evolution
A
Formation of complex organic molecules from simpler inorganic molecules through chemical rxns
7
Q
Organic Evolution
A
The process by which changes in the genetic composition of populations of organisms occur in response to environmental changes
8
Q
Darwin Evolutionary Theory
A
- Perpetual change: life changes
- Common descent (LUCA)
a. shared characteristics (homology) - Natural Selection
- Multiplication of species
- Gradualism
9
Q
Adaptation
A
change or process of change by which an organism or species becomes better suited for its environment
10
Q
Exaptation
A
Process in which features acquire fxns they were not originally adapted for
11
Q
Advantageous intermediates
A
When intermediate steps are advantageous themselves
12
Q
Reproductive barriers
A
biological factors that prevent interbreeding
13
Q
Biological factors
A
morphological, physiological, ecological, behavioral factors
14
Q
Allopatric speciation
A
Population geographically divided
15
Q
Vicariant speciation
A
Population fragments; multiple can occur simultaneously
16
Q
Founder effect
A
Small number of individuals disperse & form new population; small population can cause genetic consequences
17
Q
Sympatric speciation
A
diverging lineages co-occupy a geographic area
18
Q
Punctuated equilibrium
A
proposed due to lack of evidence of gradualism; long periods of stasis with brief speciation events
19
Q
Hybrid
A
Offspring off two different species
20
Q
Interspecific hybrid
A
offspring produced by mating of individuals from two different species
21
Q
How to discover new species
A
Compare morphological, genetic, & physiological features
22
Q
Microevolution
A
Evolutionary changes in frequencies of variant forms of genes within populations
23
Q
Macroevolution
A
Evolution on a long timescale
24
Q
Lineage-splitting
A
speciation
25
Extinction fates
Can give rise to new species or become extinct
26
Phylogeny
The origins & diversification of any taxon, or the evolutionary history of its origin & diversification
27
Homoplasy
Non-homologous similarities that may be found in various organisms
28
Cladistics
Methodology for classifying organisms based on common evolutionary descent
29
Ancestral characteristics
Character state present in the common ancestor
30
Derived character
All other variant forms of the character that arose later
31
Clade
A unit of evolutionary common descent that includes ancestral lineage & all descendants
32
Monophyletic clade
includes the most recent common ancestor & all descendants
33
Paraphyletic clade
Includes the most recent common ancestor & some descendants
34
Polyphyletic
does not include the most recent common ancestor of all members of a group
35
Sexual reproduction
Advantages: ability to mix & match genes
Disadvantages: energy cost, males do not directly produce offspring (two-fold cost)
36
Asexual reproduction
Advantages: quick & energy efficient
Disadvantages: diversity depend on mutation (Muller's Ratchet)
37
Bisexual reproduction
Male & female gametes produced
38
Hermaphroditism
male & female organs occur in same individual
39
Parthenogenesis
embryo develops from unfertilized egg
40
Binary fission
parent divides by mitosis
41
Multiple fission (schizogony)
nucleus divides repeatedly
42
Budding
Unequal division of an organism
43
Gemmulation
Formation of a new individual from an aggregation of cells
| Surrounded by gemmule
44
Fragmentation
Breaks down into two or more fragments that become new individuals
45
Dioecious
Having male & female gonads in separate individuals
46
Monoecious (hermaphroditic)
Having male & female gonads in same organisms
47
Oviparous
reproduction where eggs are released by the female
| Internal or external fertilization
48
Viviparous
Reproduction where eggs develop in the female body
49
Ovoviviparous
Reproduction where eggs develop in female body without nourishment from parent
50
Key events in animal development
1. Gamete formation
2. Fertilization
3. Cleavage
Blastomeres formed
4. Gastrulation
5. Organogenesis
6. Growth
51
Egg
Organic vessel where the embryo develops
| Has polarity: animal pole & vegetal pole (has most of yolk)
52
Isolecithal
Very little yolk, evenly distributed
| Placental mammals
53
Mesolecithal
Moderate amount concentrated at vegetal pole
| amphibians
54
Telolecithal
Abundance densely concentrated at vegetal pole
| birds, reptiles, fish, monotremes
55
Controlecithal
Large centrally located
| arthropods
56
Holoblastic
complete &n approximately equal division of cells
57
Meroblastic
Restricted to a small area of egg
58
Directions of cleavage
Spiral and radial
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Gastrulation
One side of the blastula bends inward (invagination) and gut cavity is formed
60
Blastopore
Opening to the gut cavity
61
Complete gut
Gut cavity goes all the way through
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Blind gut
Only opens at blastopore
63
Gut cavity
Internal pouch that is formed
| Also called archenteron or gastrocoel
64
Ectoderm
Out layer of cells; lines blastocoel
65
Endoderm
inner layer of cells; lines gut
66
protostome
mouth forms from blastopore
67
deuterostome
anus forms from blastopore
68
Mesoderm
Third layer formed between ectoderm and endoderm
69
Coelom
Cavity surrounded by mesoderm
70
Diploblastic
2 germ layers
71
Triploblastic
3 germ layers
72
Organogenesis
Nervous system forms first
| Heart is first functional organ
73
Schizolocoely
Coelom formed by splitting
Band of mesoderm forms around gut and coelom formed by mesodermal cells dividing
Can form all 3 types of coelomate
74
Enterocoely
Coelom formed by outpocketing
Mesoderm & coelom form at same time
As gut cavity elongate, sides push out, forming mesoderm
Can form only coelomate body plan
75
Acoelomate
Contains no coelom (triangle shape)
| Filled with parenchyma
76
Pseudocoelomate
Contains pseudocoel and no mesentery
77
Eucoelomate (coelomate)
contains coelom & mesentery
78
Cytoplasmic specification (mosaic development)
Egg's cytoplasm is not homogenous
Cytoplasmic determinant are not evenly distributed
Leads to cell differentiation
Individual blastomeres can't produce whole embryo
79
Conditional specification (regulative development)
Needs positional info from neighboring cells for cell fate to be fixed
Inducer & responder cells can influence each other
Individual blastomeres can produce whole embryo
80
Induction
Capacity of some cells to evoke a developmental response from other cells
81
Common name
Multiple names for each species possible
| Multiple species with one name possible
82
Scientific name (Latin name)
Standardized
| Changes with phylogeny
83
Genus
Italics or underline, first letter capped
84
Species
italics or underline; sp. (singular) or spp. (plural) used when species doesn't matter
85
Conservation
From taxonomy: number of species are known & conservation dollars are given
86
Linneaus
(1707-1778) Father of taxonomy
| Wrote Systema Naturae
87
Systema Naturae
First unified naming system
Based on shared characteristic, not evolution
Still follow hierarchical system today, nothing else
88
Taxonomic rank
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
Intermediate taxa can occur
89
Domains
3
| Bacteria, Archaea, Eukaryota
90
Kingdoms
6
| Animalia (Metazoa), Plantae, Fungi, Protista, Monera (Bacteria & Archaea)
91
Protista
A kingdom of unicellular eukaryotes
92
Protozoa
First animals
Paraphyletic group
Have little in common
93
Protophyta
First plants (mostly algae)
94
Metazoa
Kingdom of multicellular animals
95
Protostomia (protostome)
```
First clade of metazoa
Two major clades: Lophotrochozoan & Ecdysozoan
Blastopore becomes mouth
spiral cleavage occurs in lophotrochozoan
Radial cleavage occurs in ecdysozoan
Cleave at 45 deg angle
Mosaic development
Coelom formed by schizocoely
```
96
Lophotrochozoan
Members generally possess larvae or lophophore
97
Ecdysozoan
members shed cuticles as they grow
98
Deuterostomia
```
Second clade of metazoa
Blastopore becomes anus
radial cleavage
Cleave directly on top
Regulative development
Coelom formed by entercoely
```
99
Protozoan disadvantages
Size is limited: less to eat, more to eat you; needs nutrients to diffuse across membrane
Shorter life span: less time for reproduction
No division of labor
100
Protozoan advantages
Rapid reproduction
| Minimal resources required
101
Undulipodia
Nine pairs of microtubules arranged around a central pair
| Flagella & cilia
102
Flagella
Whiplike organelle; propel water parallel to flagellum axis
103
Cilia
Hairlike organelle; propel water parallel to cell surface
104
Pseudopodia
Temporary cytoplasmic protrusion extended out from an ameboid cell
For locomotion & phagocytosis
105
Ectoplasm
Semi-solid outer layer of pseudopodia
106
Endoplasm
Inner fluid that flows forward toward pseudopod & solidifies into ectoplasm
107
Flagellates
Have one or more flagella
108
Ciliates
Have numerous cilia
109
Amoebas
Travel using pseudopodia
| Plasma membrane can be covered with 'test' or shell (testate or naked)
110
Holozoic feeders
ingest visible particles of food
111
Saprozoic feeders
ingest good in a soluble form
112
Lysosomes
small vesicles containing digestive enzymes that fuse with food
113
Cytosome
The cell mouth in many unicellular eukaryotes
| Site of phagocytosis
114
Cytoproct
site on a unicellular eukaryote where undigestible matter is expelled
In ciliates
115
Symbiosis
The living together of two different species in an intimate relationship
116
Mutualistic symbiosis
Both partners benefit
| Obligate or facultative mutualism
117
Obligate mutualism
The species needs the relationship to survive
118
Facultative mutualism
The species does not need the relationship to survive
119
Commensalism symbiosis
one partner benefit, no effect on other
120
Parasitic symbiosis
one partner benefits at others expense
121
Endoparasites
lives inside host
122
Ectoparasites
lives outside host
123
Definitive host
host in which sexual reproduction of symbiont occurs
124
Intermediate host
the host where some development of symbiont occurs, but not maturation or sexual reproduction
125
Schizogony
Multiple fission
126
Sporogony
Special case of schizogony
127
Protoplasmic
Unicellular organisms
128
Cellular
Colonial: aggregation of undifferentiated cells
or
Multicellular: aggregation of functionally different cells
129
Cell-tissue
cells aggregate into patterns or layers
130
True tissue
share common function
131
Tissue-organ
organs contain more than one type of tissue; more specialized function
132
Organ-system
Organs work together in a system
133
Chemotroph
gets energy from inorganic/organic source
134
Phototroph
Gets energy through sun (photosynthesis)
135
Heterotroph
Gets carbon from other organisms
136
Autotroph
Gets carbon from environment
137
Extracellular digestion
releases digestive enzymes into environment & absorbs nutrients through cell walls
138
Extracellular matrix (ECM)
a collectio nof extracellular molecules secreted by support cells that provides structural & biochemical support to the surrounding cells
139
Ostia
In sponges for incoming water
140
Oscula
Used for water outlets
141
Asconoid
Flagellated spongocoel
Water enters Ostia and pulled out through oscula
Spongocoel lined with choanocytes
142
Syconoid
flagellated canals
water enters through incurrent canals to radial canals and moves through prosopyle into apopyle to spongocoel
Canals lined with choanocytes
143
Leuconoid
Flagellated chambers
numerous oscula, no spongocoel
incurrent canals lead to flagellated chamber that moves water to excurrent canals
Chambers lined with choanocytes
144
Pinacocyte
Epithelial type cell
| Closest thing to tissue
145
Porocytes
Pore cells
| Only in asconoid sponges
146
Choanocytes
Flagellated collar cells
| One end embedded in mesohyl, other end exposed to capture food particles and move water
147
Archaeocyte
Amoeboid cells
Move through mesohyl & receive particles for digestion from choanocytes
Transport food & oxygen to other cells
148
Sponge cells
Extracellular matrix loosely arranged sponge cells
or
choanoderm & pinacoderm arranged in layers
149
Collagen
The major structural protein for metazoans
150
Spongin
a form of collagen
| Forms the skeletal network of some sponges
151
Spicules
```
Used to classify sponges
Siliceous spicules (hexactinellida & demospongine)
Calcareous spicules
```
152
Asymmetrical
No symmetry
153
Spherical
Divides body into mirrored halves
| Best for floating & rolling
154
Radial
Body divided into similar halves by more than two planes passing through longitudinal axis
Can intact with environment in all directions
155
Biradial
Radially symmetrical but has one paired body part
156
Bilateral
Divided into two mirror portions forming right & left halves
Better for directional movement
157
Cephalization
differentiation of head region & concentration of nervous tissues & sense organs in front region
158
Frontal plane
Divides body into dorsal & ventral
159
Sagittal plane
Divides body to right & left
160
Transverse plane
Divides body into anterior & posterior
161
Anterior
Head end
162
Posterior
tail end
163
Dorsal
Back (top) side
164
Ventral
Bottom side
165
Medial
Midline of body
166
Lateral
Right & left side
167
Distal
Part farther from middle of body
168
Proximal
Parts nearer middle of body
169
Eumetazoa
multicellular animals with distinct germ layers
| All animals but Porifera
170
Dimorphic
Both polyp & medusa form
171
Polyp
Sedentary or sessile
Tube shaped
Mouth surrounded by tentacles
Attached to substratum by pedal disc
172
Medusa
Floating or free-swimming
Umbrella-shape
Mouth on concave side
Tentacles extend from rim
173
Mesoglea
Jellylike layer between layers of Cnidaria
174
Extracellular digestion
Enzymes discharged into gastrovascular cavity
175
Intracellular
Phagocytosis of food particles
176
Cnidocytes
Stinging cells on tentacles of Cnidaria
177
Cnida
Stinging organelles of cnidocytes
178
Nematocyst
most common type of cnida
179
Cnidocil
Modified cilia that trigger nematocysts to fire
180
Gravid
Pregnant
181
Proglottid
reproductive units
182
Strobilation
Segmentation
183
Strobila
main body composed of chain of proglottids
184
Head-foot
Feeding, cephalic, sensory, locomotor organs
| Foot is usually a ventral, sole-like structure in molluscs
185
Radula
a rasping, protrusible, tonguelike organ found in most molluscs
186
Visceral mass
digestive, circulatory, respiratory, & reproductive organs
187
Mantle
A sheath of skin, extending dorsally from visceral mass
Wrap around each side of the body
Protects soft part because outer surface secretes shell
188
Mantle cavity
Houses respiratory organs in mantle
Products from digestive, excretory, & reproductive systems empty into mantle cavity
Exposed surface participates in gas exchange
189
Trochophore
Minute, translucent, ciliated marine larva
190
Veliger
Free swimming larva developed from trochophore
| Has beginning of foot, shell, & mantle
191
Closed circulatory system
Blood enclosed in vessels
192
Open circulatory system
Blood rarely in vessels
| Hemolymph is blood the mixes with interstitial fluid in hemocoel
193
Ocelli
Simple eye or eyespot in many invertebrate
194
Funnel
Siphon for jet propulsion
195
Chromatophore
special pigmented cells that produce color change (camouflage)
196
Pen
Internal shell
197
Molt
Shedding of old shell, feathers...
198
Ecdysis
Shedding of cuticle
199
Cuticle
external skeletons secreted by epidermis
200
Trachea
Air tubes for gas exchange
201
Innate behaviour
Unlearned behaviour
202
Insight learning
Can organize memories to construct response
203
Direct development
Ametabolous
Young & adults are similar except size & sexual orientation
Stages: egg, juvenile, adult
204
Indirect development
Hemimetabolous or holometabolous
| Larval stage; capable of feeding itself
205
Hemimetabolous
Incomplete metamorphosis
Nymph resembles adult in form & eating habits
Stages: egg, nymph, adult
206
Holometabolous
Complete metamorphosis
Separate growth (larva), differentiation (pupa), and reproduction (adult) stages
Stages: egg, larva, pupa, adult
