vocabulary development terms

Question 1

Dramatic Irony

Answer 1

When the audience/reader knows something the character does not

Example.
When the audience sees the Road Runner paint a hole in the side of a cliff, but Wile E Coyote continues to run ahead at full speed towards the “hole.”

Question 2

Tier 1 Words

Answer 2

common words that are already familiar to students when they enter school; do not need to be taught in a classroom setting

Question 3

Tense

Answer 3

words that indicate if a statement is referring to past time, present time, or future time

Example.
Past- She spoke. Present- She speaks. Future- She will speak

Question 4

Word Wall

Answer 4

an on-going bulletin board with terms used frequently in the classroom; words are often added as they are introduced

Question 5

Tier 2 Words

Answer 5

academic words that students will encounter frequently and that are used in multiple content areas; many of these are process words that commonly appear in assessment

Question 6

Connotation

Answer 6

the implied meaning of a word; the feeling a word conveys

Example.
Describing a person as “shrewd” may make them feel negatively, even though the definition (sharp-witted, intelligent) is positive.

Question 7

Satire

Answer 7

the use of humor or exaggeration to critique human nature or a character

Question 8

Context Clues / Contextual Analysis

Answer 8

Term definition.
using the words before and after an unknown word to determine its meaning

Example.
It was a beautiful day that made it idyllic for swimming.

Question 9

Synonyms

Answer 9

words with the same or a similar meaning

Example.
angry/mad/furious; bad/evil/immoral/tainted; and fast/quick/rapid.

Question 10

Morphology

Answer 10

the study of forms of words, including affixes, roots, stems, and parts of speech

Example.
The word “bicycles” is made up of three individual morphemes. The prefix bi-, the stem cycle, and the suffix -s.

Question 11

Inflectional Affix

Answer 11

Term definition.
an affix that changes the form of the root or base word

Example.
The inflectional affix, “ed” changes a verb to the past tense.

Question 12

Free Morpheme / Unbound Morpheme

Answer 12

type of morpheme that can stand alone or can appear with other morphemes in a lexeme

Example.
Simple words (i.e. words made up of one free morpheme, such as the, run, on, etc.) and compound words (i.e. words made up of two free morphemes, such as keyboard, greenhouse, etc.) are free morphemes.

Question 13

Contextual Analysis

Answer 13

use of surrounding information in a text to help determine a word

Question 14

Foreshadowing

Answer 14

the narrator or character hints at a future plot point

Question 15

Decoding

Answer 15

in reading out loud, being able to sound out words by breaking them into simple forms; in reading for comprehension, the understanding of how to read each letter or letter pattern in a word to determine the word’s meaning

Question 16

Spell Checker

Answer 16

use this to check your spelling as you complete a document

Example.
Google Doc Spelling Check

Question 17

Recurring Theme

Answer 17

the repetition of a theme/image throughout the story to symbolize meaning

Question 18

Cloze Activity

Answer 18

words are omitted from a reading passage and students determine the word that should be used there

Question 19

Writing Vocabulary

Answer 19

all the words known and used by a person in writing

Example.
A students writing vocabulary is typically more formal than their speaking vocabulary.

Question 20

Vocabulary Notebook

Answer 20

dedicated space where students track, define, and even illustrate new vocabulary

Question 21

Denotation

Answer 21

a literal, dictionary meaning of a word

Question 22

Dictionary (Digital)

Answer 22

an online dictionary

Example.
dictionary.com

Question 23

Root

Answer 23

the smallest unit or core of a word that carries the meaning

Example.
form means “shape,” as in reform, conform, formulate

Question 24

Matthew Effect

Answer 24

the tendency for stronger readers to build exponentially on their strengths and weaker readers to continue to struggle with their weaknesses, thus widening the gap between weak and strong readers

Example.
To prevent the Matthew Effect, teachers should provide individualized support to struggling readers when they notice a knowledge gap developing.

Question 25

Inference

Answer 25

a conclusion based on evidence, observation, and reasoning

Question 26

Speaking Vocabulary

Answer 26

all the words known and used by a person in speech Example. Students typically have a clear understanding of a word in order to use it in their speaking vocabulary.

Question 27

Homographs

Answer 27

words that have the same spelling as another word but have different meaning Example. tired meaning fatigue (verb); tire meaning a rubber cushion that fits around a wheel of an automobile (noun)

Question 28

Style Manual

Answer 28

Use when you want to write in a uniform style Example. MLA Handbook

Question 29

Irony

Answer 29

an incongruity between what the reader expects the author to mean and what they actually mean

Question 30

Citation Generator

Answer 30

use to to create proper citations for references in the style format you are using Example. bibme.com

Question 31

Schema (Reading)

Answer 31

background knowledge a reader brings to a text Example. Someone who plays baseball can use his experience to understand a biography of Babe Ruth.

Question 32

Symbolism i.e. milk in toni morrison books

Answer 32

an object stands for an idea or a greater meaning Example. dove = peace, red rose = love and romance

Question 33

Structural / Morphemic Analysis

Answer 33

using meaningful word parts (morphemes) to study a word and determine its meaning

Question 34

Vocabulary Knowledge Scale

Answer 34

self-report scale which allows students to indicate how well they know vocabulary terms; administered on a regular basis to track growth

Question 35

Semantic Mapping

Answer 35

a form of scaffolding which helps students to develop connections among words Example. Semantic maps have a variety of formats. In one method, students write an example, a non-example, a synonym, and an antonym.

Question 36

Vocabulary / Vocabulary Development

Answer 36

the ability to effectively know and use words in their listening, speaking, reading, and writing

Question 37

What is this called and what is it used for?

Answer 37

This is an example of one type of formatting of Semantic maps. This is a a form of scaffolding which helps students to develop connections among words.

Question 38

Reference Materials

Answer 38

sources that provide facts or background information on various topics Example. dictionary

Question 39

Dictionary (Print)

Answer 39

use when you need to define a word Example. Oxford English Dictionary

Question 40

Word Web

Answer 40

a form of scaffolding which helps students to understand and retain new words and concepts Example. During reading, as students encounter each word, they write down around the word different words or phrases that will help them remember the meaning.

Question 41

Understatement

Answer 41

when the author minimizes a significant point for effect

Question 42

Derivational Affix

Answer 42

an affix that changes the root or base word into a new word Example. When the derivational affix, "ful" is added to the noun, beauty, the word "beautiful" forms, meaning full of beauty.

Question 43

Linguistic Guide

Answer 43

use when you need additional information about a language’s history Example. Baugh's History of the English Language

Question 44

Grammar Checker

Answer 44

Term definition. use this to check your grammar as you complete a document Example. Google Doc Grammar Check

Question 45

Situational Irony

Answer 45

discrepancy between what happens and what the reader expects to happen

Question 46

Reading Vocabulary

Answer 46

words a reader can recognize while reading a text Example. People typically have a larger reading vocabulary than speaking vocabulary, as the meaning of words can be determined from the context.

Question 47

Affix

Answer 47

a letter or letters that change a root word's meaning Example. prefixes or suffixes

Question 48

Morpheme

Answer 48

a combination of sounds that has meaning in speech or writing and cannot be divided into smaller grammatical parts; this includes prefixes and suffixes Example. write, cat, laugh, box

Question 49

Prefix

Answer 49

a letter or letters at the beginning of a root word that changes its meaning Example. re, de, un

Question 50

Bound Morpheme

Answer 50

type of morpheme that can appear only as part of a larger word Example. Prefixes such as pre-, dis-, in-, un-, and suffixes such as -ful, -ment, -ly, -ise are bound morphemes.

Question 51

Frayer Model

Answer 51

a popular form of semantic mapping which helps students to identify and define unfamiliar concepts and vocabulary

Question 52

Antonyms

Answer 52

words with the opposite meanings Example. hot/cold; and big/little

Question 53

Tier 3 Words

Answer 53

academic words that are specific to a particular content area or discipline; would appear in a subject-specific textbook or in the glossary of an informational text

Question 54

Verbal Irony

Answer 54

contrast between what is said and what is meant

Question 55

Idiom

Answer 55

a phrase or expression that does not mean the same as the literal words Example. "Break a leg" "back to the drawing board" "spill the beans"

Question 56

Academic Vocabulary (think Tier 2)

Answer 56

specialized vocabulary commonly found in an academic setting Example. Many academic vocabulary words, like "analyze," "describe," and "reflect", are important and relevant across all content areas.

Question 57

Suffix

Answer 57

letter or letters at the end of a root word that changes its meaning Example. s, es, ed, ing, ly, er, or, ion, tion, able, and ible

Question 58

Listening Vocabulary

Answer 58

words a listener can recognize when heard Example. People typically have a larger listening vocabulary than writing vocabulary, as the meaning of words can be determined from the context.