VOCABULARY QUIZ #2

Question 1

industrial revolution

Answer 1

an economic change in the source of energy for work, a change in the way goods and services were produced

Question 2

bourgeoisie

Answer 2

( NEW MIDDLE CLASS ) middle class owners of factories & means of production

Question 3

enclosure movement

Answer 3

in which landowners claimed common land & used it to experiment new farming methods

Question 4

agricultural revolution

Answer 4

changes in the way crops were grown which led to increased food production

Question 5

james watt

Answer 5

scottish inventor of the first steam engine

Question 6

mass production

Answer 6

the making of identical products on a large scale by diving work into simple repetitive tasks

Question 7

josiah wedgewood

Answer 7

first englishman to mass produce porcelain outside of china

Question 8

eli whitney

Answer 8

american inventor of the cotton gin

Question 9

interchangeable parts

Answer 9

standardized parts that could be used in all machines, made from iron smelted from coal

Question 10

steam engine

Answer 10

machine that could produce energy from steam

Question 11

electric telegraph

Answer 11

system that allowed for transmission of communication over long distances instantaneously

Question 12

samuel morse

Answer 12

american inventor of a communication code on an electric telegraph

Question 13

corporations

Answer 13

private businesses owned by many individual & institutional investors who provided necessary capital by buying stocks representing shares in the company

Question 14

the wealth of nations

Answer 14

book written by adam smith outlining the ideas of a free-market system based on capitalism & laissez-faire economics

Question 15

supply & demand

Answer 15

the forces of a free-market that adam smith argued should regulate the economy

Question 16

invisible hand

Answer 16

the metaphor for competition within the economy among businesses, being regulated by supply & demand, phrased coined by adam smith

Question 17

adam smith

Answer 17

british economist & author of the Weath of Nations, argued for capitalism

Question 18

monopolies

Answer 18

giant corporations that controlled a single industry or production process

Question 19

break-of-bulk

Answer 19

the transfer of cargo from one type of carrier (ships, trains, trucks) to another

Question 20

trans-siberian railroad

Answer 20

railroad built in Russia from Moscow to the Pacific Ocean, created link between Europe & East Asia and aided in the shipment of coal & iron

Question 21

urbanization

Answer 21

the growth of densely populated cities as a result of the migration of people to job locations in factories

Question 22

cult of domesticity

Answer 22

the separation of women from the outside world & the creation of an insulated world of home, servants, children & management of the family’s social life

Question 23

laissez-faire

Answer 23

economic theory which holds that the government should not interfere with the economy, which should fluctuate based on a free-market model of supply & demand

Question 24

robert owen

Answer 24

welsh theorist who was an advocate for utopian socialism

Question 25

utopian socialism

Answer 25

an economic ideology which holds that the world community should be based on political, social, and economic equality, instead of capitalist competition

Question 26

karl marx

Answer 26

german socialist who believed that the revolution, not reform, was the only solution to the misery & unfairness that resulted from the capitalist competition caused by industrialization

Question 27

the communist manifesto

Answer 27

karl marx’s book in which he proposed a revolution of the proletariat to take the means of production away from the bourgeoisie, in order to create equality in society & end social injustices

Question 28

das capital

Answer 28

karl marx’s book in which he argued that under a communist economic system, there would be no need for governments

Question 29

communism

Answer 29

an economic system which holds that the community as a whole should control the means of production and subsequent wealth in order to eliminate social injustices

Question 30

proletariat

Answer 30

industrial working class

Question 31

labor unions

Answer 31

organizations of workers who used methods in order to gain more rights, high pay, and better working conditions

Question 32

samuel gompers

Answer 32

president of the american federation of labor

Question 33

social darwinism

Answer 33

ideas to explain how groups of people in society or businesses in the industrial world, survive due to their “fitness” while the weak die out of get taken over, using Darwin’s theory of evolution applied to society

Question 34

malthusian dilemma

Answer 34

thomas malthus’s prediction that there wouldn’t be enough resources for the whole population due to population explosion

Question 35

demographic transitions

Answer 35

shift in population percentages of the industrialized countries from younger people to older people as more families were having less children, and the life expectancy of adulthood increased