Vocabulary Words

Question 1

Protandry

Answer 1

An organism changes sexes from male to female.

Question 2

Extra-Pair Copulation

Answer 2

An Individual mates with someone whom they are not socially paired

Question 3

Population Bottleneck

Answer 3

A temporary large reduction in the number of individuals due to a random event, which results in the loss of genetic diversity.

Question 4

Lek

Answer 4

An aggregation of very small territories upon which males preform sexual displays to attract females.

Question 5

Eupyrene

Answer 5

Sperm that is successful in fertilizing an egg.

Question 6

P2

Answer 6

The portion of young sired by the last male to mate with a female.

Question 7

ZW System

Answer 7

A Chromosomal Sex determination system found in birds and some reptiles.

Question 8

Sexual dimorphism

Answer 8

Morphological and anatomical differences in secondary sexual characteristics between males and females of the same species.

Question 9

Homogametic

Answer 9

Two copies of the same sex chromosome.

Question 10

Monoecious

Answer 10

An Individual that produces both eggs and sperm

Question 11

Adaptive sperm Loading

Answer 11

A male increases sperm production when there is more competition.

Question 12

Diploid

Answer 12

Two full sets of chromosomes in a cell.

Question 13

Mutation

Answer 13

Any change in the DNA Sequence.

Question 14

Bateman’s Principle

Answer 14

Males maximize fitness by selecting many females, while females maximize fitness by selecting high quality males.

Question 15

Genotype

Answer 15

The combination of alleles an individual possesses

Question 16

Gamates

Answer 16

Sex cells

Question 17

Aromatase

Answer 17

The enzyme which stimulates the production of estrogen at high temperatures in temperature-dependent sex determination.

Question 18

Fissparity

Answer 18

A type of asexual reproduction found in some starfish.

Question 19

Mate Assistance Hypothesis

Answer 19

Males remain with a female to help guard and rear their young and therefore achieve greater fitness.

Question 20

Red Queen Hypothesis

Answer 20

Species must keep evolving, or they will be overcome by rapidly evolving parasites.

Question 21

Polygyny Threshold Hypothesis

Answer 21

Females achieve higher fitness by selecting a high-quality territory over selecting an unpaired male who will assist with rearing offspring.

Question 22

Kamikaze Sperm Hypothesis

Answer 22

Sperm from competing males destroy one another.

Question 23

Calculating Relative Fitness

Answer 23

Dividing by the absolute fitness of the highest absolute fitness.

Question 24

Mullers Ratchet

Answer 24

population threshold of
mutations; applies to only small
populations.

Question 25

Kondrashov’s Hachet

Answer 25

individual threshold of mutations; applies to any population size

Question 26

Ploidy Number

Answer 26

he number of full sets of chromosomes within a cell

Question 27

Heterogametic

Answer 27

an organism possesses two different sex chromosomes (e.g. XY)

Question 28

XY System

Answer 28

CHROMOSOMAL SEX DETERMINATION SYSTEMS In these systems individuals that are heterogametic (i.e., XY) produce sperm and individuals that are homogametic (i.e., XX) produce eggs. Found in: mammals, fruit flies, some plants

Question 29

XO System

Answer 29

In these systems there is only one type of sex chromosome, “X” (no Y chromosome) *Males only have one copy of X and females have two copies *E.g., grasshoppers, cockroaches, crickets

Question 30

Dichogamous

Answer 30

when an individual changes from one sex to the other

Question 31

Protogyny

Answer 31

Female to male

Question 32

Intrasexual Selection

Answer 32

Male-male combat for access to females or the resources they require.

Question 33

Intersexual Selection

Answer 33

Members of one sex choose to mate with members of the other sex based on certain phenotypic traits (“Inter” = “Between”)

Question 34

Monogamy

Answer 34

One male paired with one female

Question 35

Life-long Monogamy

Answer 35

Monogamous for multiple breeding episodes or seasons

Question 36

Serial Monogamy

Answer 36

Monogamous for multiple breeding episodes or seasons

Question 37

Polygyny

Answer 37

One male is paired with more than one female

Question 38

Harem Defense Polygyny

Answer 38

male defends a harem of females from other males ex: Northern sea seals

Question 39

Resource Defense Polygyny

Answer 39

male defends a resource that females need for reproduction ex: Red-winged Blackbirds

Question 40

polyandry

Answer 40

one female paired with more than one male

Question 41

Sequential polyandry

Answer 41

emales compete for males and lay a separate clutch of eggs for each male This is the most common type of polyandry

Question 42

Simultaneous polyandry

Answer 42

female mates with multiple males simultaneously (most common in externally fertilizing species)

Question 43

polygynandry

Answer 43

more than one male mates with more than one female; all look after the young together

Question 44

Promiscuity

Answer 44

both males and females mate multiply, but do not form any sort of pair-bond

Question 45

Apyrene

Answer 45

sperm = non-fertilizing (unsuccessful) sperm

Question 46

Cryptic Female Choice

Answer 46

Females select which sperm is successful in inseminating them *Use physical or chemical means to do this Ex: Nursery Web Spiders

Question 47

Dioecious

Answer 47

A plant species where individuals are either exclusively male or female.

Question 48

Siment Mutation

Answer 48

Mutations that do not change the amino acid sequence of a protein, potentially altering its function.

Question 49

Evolution

Answer 49

The change in allele frequencies in a population over generations.