Vokabeln und Grammatik Flashcards
(141 cards)
1
Q
___ Depression
A
die, en
2
Q
___ Empathie
A
die, Sg
3
Q
____ Individualität
A
die, en
4
Q
___ Psychosomatik
A
die, Sg
5
Q
psychosomatics n
psychosomatic medicine n
psy‧cho‧so‧mat‧ic / saɪkəʊsəmætɪk◂ $ -kəsə- / adjective medical
1 a psychosomatic illness is caused by fear or anxiety rather than by a physical problem
psychosomatic illness/symptoms/disorder etc
Children are just as susceptible to psychosomatic conditions as adults.
2 relating to the relationship between the mind and physical illness
— psychosomatically / -kli / adverb
A
Psychosomatik Substantiv, feminin
6
Q
zu tun haben _____
A
mit
7
Q
___ Defizit
A
das, e
8
Q
___ Gradmesser
A
der, -
9
Q
indicator n
yardstick n
indicators pl · barometers pl · yardsticks pl
yard‧stick / jɑdstɪk $ jɑrd- / noun [ countable ]
1 something that you compare another thing with, in order to judge how good or successful it is
yardstick of
Profit is the most important yardstick of success for any business.
as a yardstick
These subjects are used as a yardstick against which to measure the children’s progress.
2 a special stick used for measuring things, which is exactly one yard long
A
Gradmesser Substantiv, maskulin
Gradmesser Substantiv, Plural
Beispiele:
wesentlicher Gradmesser m—key indicator n · significant indicator n
wichtiger Gradmesser m—important indicator n · important barometer n
10
Q
___ Konstante
A
die, n
11
Q
constant n (fast immer verwendet)
constant 2 AC noun [ countable ]
1 technical a number or quantity that never changes
2 formal something that stays the same even though other things change
→ variable 2
A
Konstante Substantiv, feminin
Meine Familie ist eine wichtige Konstante in meinem Leben.
My family is an important constant in my life.
12
Q
___ Parameter
A
der, -
13
Q
___ Resistenz
A
die, en
14
Q
___ Vernunft
A
die, Sg
15
Q
reason n (meistens verwendet)
sanity n
seltener:
rationality n · senses pl
A
Vernunft Substantiv, feminin
Ein gutes Argument basiert auf Vernunft und Logik.
A good argument is based on reason and logic.
Vernunft ist das Gegenteil von Wahnsinn.
Sanity is the opposite of madness.
Beispiele:
zur Vernunft kommen v—get smartAE v [ugs.] · come to one’s senses v
zur Vernunft bringen (jdn. ~) v—steady sb. v · bring sb. to his senses v
menschliche Vernunft f—human reason n
16
Q
___ Weisheit
A
die, en
17
Q
sich abgrenzen ___
A
von
18
Q
define v (defined, defined)
differentiate sth. v (differentiated, differentiated)
seltener:
delimit sth. v · demarcate sth. v · draw the line v · circumscribe sth. v · section sth. off v · mark down v
A
abgrenzen (etw.Akk ~) Verb
Die roten Linien auf dem Plan grenzen das Grundstück ab.
The red lines on the plan mark out the plot.
Beispiele:
sichAkk von etw.Dat abgrenzen v—differentiate from sth. v
sichAkk von jdm./etw.Dat abgrenzen v—distance oneself from sb./sth. v
etw.Akk voneinander abgrenzen v—delineate sth. v
19
Q
etwas betrachten _____
A
als
Beispiele:
als selbstverständlich betrachten (jdn./etw.Akk ~) v—take sb./sth. for granted v · take sth. for granted v
jdn. als minderwertig betrachten v—look down on sb. v
20
Q
consider sth. v (considered, considered)
regard v (regarded, regarded)
view v (viewed, viewed)
look at v
…
A
betrachten (etw.Akk ~) Verb
Ich betrachte ihn als guten Freund.
I consider him a good friend.
Manche Menschen betrachten es als ihre Bestimmung, anderen zu helfen.
Some people consider it their destiny to help others.
Ich betrachte meinen Vorgesetzten als eine sehr intelligente Person.
I regard my manager as a very intelligent person.
Die Benutzung einer Schreibmaschine kann heutzutage als überholt betrachtet werden.
Using a typewriter can be regarded as outdated nowadays.
Ich kann die ganze Stadt vom Turm aus betrachten.
I can view the whole city from the tower.
Wir suchen nach einer ganzheitlichen Lösung, indem wir das Problem aus verschiedenen Blickwinkeln betrachten.
We search for a holistic solution by looking at the problem from different angles.
21
Q
assess sth. v (assessed, assessed)
evaluate sb./sth. v (evaluated, evaluated)
judge sb./sth. v
gaugeBE v
seltener:
estimate (sth.) v · rate v · appreciate v · appraise sth. v · determine sth. v · take the measure of sth. v · size sth. up v · weigh up sb. v
gauge 2 verb [ transitive ]
1 to judge how people feel about something or what they are likely to do
gauge whether/what/how etc
It is difficult to gauge what the other party’s next move will be.
I looked at Chris, trying to gauge his reaction.
2 to measure or calculate something by using a particular instrument or method :
The thermostat will gauge the temperature and control the heat.
THESAURUS
judge to form an opinion about someone or something, using your knowledge, experience, and intelligence : He will judge whether the project has been a success. | It’s difficult to judge how long the work will take.
assess to judge how good, bad, successful etc someone or something is, especially by using a fixed set of standards. Assess is often used about measuring students’ abilities and performance : Are tests and exams the best way to assess students’ progress? | The insurance company will send someone to assess the damage.
evaluate to judge how good, bad, successful etc someone or something is, especially by carefully examining all the information about them. Evaluate is often used about the work of people doing research : The data from the study is still being evaluated. | The test is used to evaluate the effects of pesticides on domestic bees.
gauge ( also gage American English ) formal to judge people’s opinions or feelings about something, or to measure the effect, importance etc of something. Gauge is often used when talking about getting a general idea of what something is like : A meeting was arranged in order to gauge the opinions of pupils, parents and teachers. | It’ s too early to gauge the impact of the oil price rises on people’s spending. | Without further information it is impossible to gauge the full extent of the problem.
appraise formal to judge how successful, effective etc someone or something is, especially by comparing their good and bad points : Twice a year, managers appraise the performance of employees. | This research aims to appraise the effectiveness of different kinds of public sector financial assistance. | On what basis will a teacher be appraised?
A
einschätzen (jdn./etw.Akk ~) Verb
Der Bauer schätzte den Sturmschaden als sehr gering ein.
The farmer assessed the storm damage to be very light.
Ich bin gut darin, das Alter von Menschen einzuschätzen.
I am good at judging people’s ages.
Er kann seine Fähigkeiten richtig einschätzen.
He can gauge his skills correctly.
Beispiele:
die Nachfrage einschätzen v—judge the demand v
jdn./etw.Akk falsch einschätzen v—misjudge sb./sth. v
22
Q
master (sth.) v (mastered, mastered)
overcome v (overcame, overcome)
seltener:
cope with sth. v · ride sth. out v
master 2 verb [ transitive ]
1 to learn a skill or a language so well that you have no difficulty with it :
the skills needed to master a new language
I never quite mastered the art of walking in high heels.
2 to manage to control a strong emotion SYN overcome :
He had learned to master his fear of heights.
A
meistern (etw.Akk ~) Verb
Zusammen konnten wir die Herausforderung meistern.
Together, we were able to master the challenge.
Es war eine Herausforderung, aber ich habe sie gemeistert.
It was a challenge, but I overcame it.
seltener:
cope with sth. v · ride sth. out v
23
Q
respektieren =
A
schätzen
24
Q
misjudge sth. v (misjudged, misjudged)
mistake v
mistake 2 verb ( past tense mistook / -stʊk / , past participle mistaken / -steɪkən / ) [ transitive ]
1 to understand something wrongly :
She mistook my meaning entirely.
Ken mistook her concern, thinking she was interested in him for another reason.
2 you can’t mistake somebody/something used to say that someone or something is very easy to recognize :
You can’t mistake her. She’s the one with the long red hair.
3 there is no mistaking somebody/something used to say that you are certain about something :
There’s no mistaking whose children they are – they all look just like Joe.
mistake somebody/something for somebody/something phrasal verb
to wrongly think that one person or thing is someone or something else :
A woman mistook him for a well-known actor, and asked him for his autograph.
The doctor mistook the symptoms for blood poisoning.
misread/misjudge to wrongly believe that someone’s actions show that they have a particular opinion or feeling, or that a situation means that you should behave in particular way : The party completely misread the mood of the voters at the last election. | Eddie wondered if he should be scared, too. Maybe he had misjudged the situation.
A
verkennen (etw.Akk ~) Verb
Viele Unternehmen verkennen den Wert einer guten Website.
Many companies mistake the value of a good website.
25
die nötige Kraft aufbringen, die Fähigkeit haben, imstande sein, etwas zu tun
zustande bringen, ausrichten, erreichen
vermögen, vermag, hat vermocht
Grammatik
mit Infinitiv mit „zu“
Beispiele
er vermag [es] nicht, mich zu überzeugen
nur wenige vermochten sich zu retten
wir werden alles tun, was wir [zu tun] vermögen
Beispiele
sie vermag bei ihm alles, wenig, nichts
Vertrauen vermag viel
26
use v (used, used)
perceive sth. v (perceived, perceived)
seize v (seized, seized)
appreciate v (appreciated, appreciated)
seltener:
sense v · administer sth. v · observe v · notice v · apprehend sth. v · be aware of sth. v · safeguard sth. v · recogniseBE v · detect v · look after v · protect sth. v · take notice of v · discern (sth.) v · take note of sth. v · descry sth. v · spot sb./sth. v
wahrnehmen (jdn./etw.Akk ~) Verb
Die Entdeckung wurde als großer Durchbruch wahrgenommen.
The discovery was perceived as a major breakthrough.
Sie nahm die Chance wahr, ihr eigenes Unternehmen zu gründen.
She seized the opportunity to start her own business.
Der Lehrer nahm die Bemühungen des Schülers wahr.
The teacher appreciated the pupil's efforts.
Beispiele:
Aufgaben wahrnehmen v—perform duties v
Interessen wahrnehmen v —safeguard interests v · attend to interests v
Pflichten wahrnehmen v—perform duties v
27
find one's way v
seltener:
orient oneself v · orientate oneself v · get one's bearings v
sichAkk zurechtfinden Verb, fand zurecht, hat zurechtgefunden
28
in ____ Sinn kommen
den
29
occur to sb. v (occurred, occurred)
come to mind v
seltener:
cross sb.'s mind v
in den Sinn kommen (jdm. ~) Verb
Wenn ich an Literatur denke, kommen mir viele berühmte Romane in den Sinn.
When I think of literature, many famous novels come to mind.
30
___ Gefühlsausbruch
der, üe
31
emotional outburst n
seltener:
outburst of temper n · emotional release n
out‧burst / aʊtbɜst $ -bɜrst / noun [ countable ]
1 something you say suddenly that expresses a strong emotion, especially anger :
He later apologized for his outburst.
emotional/violent/angry outburst
his father’s violent outbursts of temper
outburst of
an outburst of anger
2 a sudden short increase in an activity
outburst of
an outburst of creative energy
outbursts of violence
Gefühlsausbruch Substantiv, maskulin
32
____ Impuls
der, e
33
____ Selbstwertgefühl
das, e
34
self-esteem n (meistens verwendet)
seltener:
feeling of self-worth n · self-respect n
Selbstwertgefühl Substantiv, Neutrum
Beispiele:
Selbstwertgefühl steigern v—gain confidence v
geringes Selbstwertgefühl nt—low self-esteem n · low self-confidence n
hohes Selbstwertgefühl nt—high self-esteem n · high self-respect n
35
obtain sth. v (obtained, obtained)
acquire sth. v (acquired, acquired)
attain sth. v (attained, attained)
```
gain v (gained, gained)
…
```
at‧tain AC / əteɪn / verb [ transitive ] formal
1 to succeed in achieving something after trying for a long time :
More women are attaining positions of power.
2 to reach a particular level, age, size etc :
Share prices attained a high of $3.27.
After a year she had attained her ideal weight.
— attainable adjective :
This target should be attainable.
erlangen (etw.Akk ~) Verb
Er erlangte einen gewissen Grad an Berühmtheit durch seine Show.
He obtained a certain level of fame through his show.
In der Schule erlangte ich viele Kenntnisse.
I acquired a lot of knowledge at school.
Er erlangte die Position des Verkaufsleiters, kurz nachdem er in der Firma angefangen hatte.
He attained the position of sales manager soon after joining the company.
Mit dem Alter erlangen die Menschen meist Weisheit.
Growing older, people usually gain wisdom.
36
____ etwas gönnen
sich
37
____ hineinversetzen ____
sich
in + Akk
38
empathize v (empathized, empathized)
sichAkk hineinversetzen Verb
Beispiele:
sichAkk in jds. Lage hineinversetzen v—put oneself in sb.'s position v
sichAkk in jdn. hineinversetzen v—put oneself in sb.'s position v
sichAkk in eine Rolle hineinversetzen v—empathize with a part v
39
etw _____________ finden
angebracht
40
appropriate adj
attached
mounted
angebracht Adjektiv / Partizip Perfekt
Zum jetzigen Zeitpunkt ist eine Abstimmung noch nicht angebracht.
At this time, a vote is not yet appropriate.
Das Regal ist an der Wand angebracht.
The shelf is attached to the wall.
Die Anzeige des Navigationsgeräts sollte auf Augenhöhe angebracht sein.
The display of the navigation system should be mounted at eye level.
41
etw ____ Griff haben
im
42
professional adj (fast immer verwendet)
berufsmäßig Adjektiv
43
hostile adj (to) (meistens verwendet)
seltener:
belligerent adj · inimical adj
bel‧lig‧er‧ent / bəlɪdʒərənt, bɪlɪdʒərənt / adjective
1 very unfriendly and wanting to argue or fight SYN aggressive :
a belligerent attitude
2 [ only before noun ] formal a belligerent country is fighting a war against another country
— belligerence, belligerency noun [ uncountable ]
in‧im‧i‧cal / ɪnɪmɪk ə l / adjective formal
making it difficult for something to exist or happen :
a cold, inimical climate
inimical to
conditions inimical to development
feindselig Adjektiv
Die Dorfbewohner waren freundlich, nicht feindselig.
The villagers were friendly, not hostile.
44
emotional adj (meistens verwendet)
gefühlsbetont Adjektiv
45
emotional adj (meistens verwendet)
seltener:
intuitive adj · emotive adj
gefühlsmäßig Adjektiv
gefühlsmäßig Adverb
46
non-material adj
seltener:
spiritual adj · ideational adj · immaterial adj · imaginary adj · sentimental adj
ideell Adjektiv
47
kurzfristig OPP
langfristig
48
real adj (meistens verwendet)
seltener:
realistic adj · honest adj · fair adj
realistically adv · honestly adv
reell Adjektiv
Die reellen Kosten des Projekts waren höher als erwartet.
The real costs of the project were higher than expected.
reell Adverb
49
sensatio___
nell
50
sensitive adj (fast immer verwendet)
seltener:
delicate adj · touchy adj · emotional adj
sensibel Adjektiv
Diese Creme kann auch bei sensibler Haut verwendet werden.
This cream can also be used on sensitive skin.
Beispiele:
besonders sensibel adj—especially sensitive adj
äußerst sensibel adj—highly sensitive adj
geschäftlich sensibel adj—commercially sensitive adj
51
substantial adj (meistens verwendet)
seltener:
substantive adj
substantially adv (meistens verwendet)
seltener:
materially adv · substantively adv
substanziell Adjektiv
substanziell Adverb
Beispiele:
wenig substanziell adj—insubstantial adj
wenig substanziell adv—insubstantially adv
52
virtu___
ell
53
_____ Anziehungskraft
die, äe
54
attraction n
appeal n
attractiveness n
pull n
seltener:
power of attraction n (Physik) · allure n · gravitational pull n · attraction force n · force of attraction n · magnetism n · gravity n · gravitational force n · lure n · force of gravity n · attractive force n
Anziehungskraft Substantiv, feminin
Die Anziehungskraft hängt von der Masse eines Objekts ab.
The pull depends on the mass of an object.
Beispiele:
magische Anziehungskraft f—magical appeal n · magical allure n
starke Anziehungskraft f—strong attraction n
55
___ Rückschluss
der, üe
56
conclusion n
seltener:
inference n
in‧fer‧ence AC / ɪnf ə rəns / noun
1 [ countable ] something that you think is true, based on information that you have
draw/make inferences (about/from something)
What inferences have you drawn from this evidence?
2 [ uncountable ] when someone infers something
by inference
He was portrayed as a hero and, by inference, Thompson as the villain.
— inferential / ɪnfərenʃ ə l◂ / adjective :
inferential evidence
— inferentially adverb
Rückschluss Substantiv, maskulin
Der Manager warnte uns davor, eilige Rückschlüsse zu ziehen.
The manager warned us not to draw any hasty conclusions.
Beispiele:
statistischer Rückschluss m—statistical inference n
57
___ Temperament
das, e
58
ausweichen (3 Formen)
wich aus, ist ausgewichen
59
avoid sb./sth. v (avoided, avoided)
dodge sth. v (dodged, dodged)
evade sb./sth. v
shun sb./sth. v
```
swerve v (Autos) (swerved, swerved)
…
```
dodge 1 / dɒdʒ $ dɑdʒ / verb
```
1 [ intransitive and transitive ] to move quickly to avoid someone or something :
He ran across the courtyard, dodging a storm of bullets.
dodge between/through/into etc
Helen clutched Edward’s arm as they dodged through the traffic .
2 [ transitive ] to deliberately avoid discussing something or doing something SYN evade
dodge an issue/question
Senator O'Brian skilfully dodged the crucial question.
draft dodging (= when someone avoids an order to join the army, navy etc )
```
shun / ʃʌn / verb ( past tense and past participle shunned , present participle shunning ) [ transitive ]
to deliberately avoid someone or something :
a shy woman who shunned publicity
Victims of the disease found themselves shunned by society.
ausweichen (jdm./etw.Dat ~) Verb
Unser Direktor ist ein friedlicher Mann, der Konfrontationen ausweicht.
Our director is a peaceful man who avoids confrontation.
Der Boxer konnte dem Schlag ausweichen.
The boxer was able to dodge the blow.
Er wich meiner Frage aus.
He evaded my question.
Ich versuche, Konflikten auszuweichen.
I try to shun conflicts.
Ich sah eine Katze auf der Straße und wich aus.
I saw a cat in the road and swerved.
60
catch sb. out v
nab sb. v [ugs.]
nab / næb / verb ( past tense and past participle nabbed , present participle nabbing ) [ transitive ] informal
1 to catch or arrest someone who is doing something wrong :
The police nabbed him for speeding.
2 to get something or someone quickly, especially before anyone else can get them :
See if you can nab a seat.
jdn. ertappen Verb
Beispiele:
Lass dich nicht ertappen!—Mind you don't get caught!
sichAkk dabei ertappen, etw.Akk zu tun v—catch oneself doing sth. v
sichAkk bei etw.Dat ertappen v—find oneself doing sth. v
61
accept (sth.) v (accepted, accepted)
acquiesce v (acquiesced, acquiesced)
seltener:
put up with sth. v · condone sth. v
ac‧qui‧esce / ækwies / verb [ intransitive ]
formal to do what someone else wants, or allow something to happen, even though you do not really agree with it
acquiesce in/to
Oil companies have been accused of acquiescing in the pollution of the ocean.
hinnehmen (etw.Akk ~) Verb
Ich mochte seine Pläne nicht, war aber gezwungen, sie hinzunehmen.
I did not like his plans, but I was forced to acquiesce.
Beispiele:
die Niederlage hinnehmen v—accept defeat v
etw.Akk kritiklos hinnehmen v—accept sth. without criticism v
etw.Akk als gegeben hinnehmen v—take sth. for granted v
etw.Akk gelassen hinnehmen v—shrug off sth. v · take sth. with composure v · take sth. calmly v
62
verbergen ____
vor, verbarg, hat verborgen
63
hide sb./sth. v (hid, hidden) (meistens verwendet)
conceal sb./sth. v (concealed, concealed)
mask sb./sth. v (masked, masked)
...
verbergen (jdn./etw.Akk ~) Verb
Die Politikerin hatte nichts zu verbergen.
The politician had nothing to hide.
Sie verbarg ihre Schwangerschaft, indem sie weite Mäntel trug.
She concealed her pregnancy by wearing wide coats.
Er versuchte seine Freude zu verbergen, aber er musste einfach lächeln.
He tried to mask his happiness but he just had to smile.
64
jmn ______ _______ Konzept bringen
aus
dem
65
fluster sb. v
seltener:
upset sb. v · put sb. off his/her stride v
flus‧ter 1 / flʌstə $ -ər / verb [ transitive ]
to make someone nervous and confused by making them hurry or interrupting them :
Don’t fluster me, or I’ll never be ready on time.
stride 1 / straɪd / noun
1 step [ countable ] a long step you make while you are walking → pace :
Paco reached the door in only three strides.
2 improvement [ countable ] an improvement in a situation or in the development of something
make great/major/giant etc strides
The government has made great strides in reducing poverty.
3 take something in your stride British English , take something in stride American English to not allow something to annoy, embarrass, or upset you :
When the boss asked Judy to stay late, she took it in stride.
4 get into your stride British English , hit your stride American English to start doing something confidently and well :
Once I get into my stride, I can finish an essay in a few hours.
5 way of walking [ singular ] the way you walk or run :
the runner’s long, loping stride
6 break (your) stride especially American English
a) to begin moving more slowly or to stop when you are running or walking
b) if you break your stride, or if someone or something breaks it, you are prevented from continuing in what you are doing :
Collins dealt with the reporters’ questions without breaking stride .
7 put somebody off their stride especially British English , knock/throw/keep somebody off stride American English to make someone unable to do something effectively, by not allowing them to give all their attention to it :
Shea’s testimony threw the defense off stride.
8 (match somebody) stride for stride to manage to be just as fast, strong, skilled etc as someone else, even if they keep making it harder for you
jdn. aus dem Konzept bringen Verb
66
shameful adj
| embarrassing adj
beschämend Adjektiv / Partizip Präsens
67
sensitive adj
insightful adj
gentle adj
seltener:
empathetic adj · understanding adj · empathic adj · compassionate adj · perceptive adj · caring adj
in‧sight‧ful AC / ɪnsaɪtf ə l / adjective
able to understand, or showing that you understand, what a situation or person is really like SYN perceptive :
an insightful analysis
einfühlsam Adjektiv
Krankenschwestern sollten sowohl kompetent als auch einfühlsam sein.
Nurses should be both competent and sensitive.
Mein Freund hat ein Problem und ich versuche, einfühlsam zu sein.
My friend has a problem and I'm trying to be insightful.
Meine Großmutter ist eine liebe und einfühlsame Dame.
My grandmother is a kind and gentle lady.
68
occasional adj
odd adj
gelegentlich Adjektiv
Das Sofabett ist nur für den gelegentlichen Gebrauch geeignet.
The sofa bed is suitable for occasional use only.
Die Straße war leer bis auf gelegentliche Fußgänger.
The road was empty, except for the odd pedestrian.
69
out of the question adj
indiskutabel Adjektiv
70
profitable adj (meistens verwendet)
cost-effective adj
rentabel Adjektiv
Der Vorstand arbeitete Wege aus, das Unternehmen rentabel zu halten.
The board thought of ways to keep the company profitable.
Die neue Produktionsstrategie war rentabel und steigerte den Umsatz.
The new production strategy was cost-effective and boosted sales.
71
trusting adj
seltener:
credulous adj · confiding adj · gullible adj · all too trusting · all too trustful adj
gul‧li‧ble / ɡʌləb ə l, ɡʌlɪb ə l / adjective
too ready to believe what other people tell you, so that you are easily tricked :
Plastic replicas of the Greek pottery are sold to gullible tourists.
— gullibility / ɡʌləbɪləti, ɡʌlɪbɪləti / noun [ uncountable ]
vertrauensselig Adjektiv
72
superficial adj
seltener:
ostensible adj · salient adj
su‧per‧fi‧cial / supəfɪʃ ə l◂ $ -pər- / adjective
1 not looking/studying carefully not studying or looking at something carefully and only seeing the most noticeable things
superficial examination/study etc
Even a superficial inspection revealed serious flaws.
Naturally, such visits can allow only the most superficial understanding of prison life.
2 appearance seeming to have a particular quality, although this is not true or real
superficial resemblance/similarity
Despite their superficial similarities, the two novels are, in fact, very different.
Beneath his refined manners and superficial elegance lay something treacherous.
at/on a superficial level
At a superficial level, things seem to have remained the same.
3 wound/damage affecting only the surface of your skin or the outside part of something, and therefore not serious :
She escaped with only superficial cuts and bruises.
superficial damage
4 person someone who is superficial does not think about things that are serious or important – used to show disapproval SYN shallow :
All the other girls seemed silly and superficial to Darlene.
5 not important superficial changes, difficulties etc are not important and do not have a big effect SYN minor :
superficial changes in government policies
6 top layer existing in or relating to the top layer of something, especially soil, rock etc
— superficially adverb
— superficiality / supəfɪʃiæləti, supəfɪʃiælɪti $ -pər- / noun [ uncountable ]
os‧ten‧si‧ble / ɒstensəb ə l, ɒstensɪb ə l $ ɑ- / adjective
seeming to be the reason for or the purpose of something, but usually hiding the real reason or purpose
ostensible reason/purpose/aim
The ostensible reason for his resignation was ill health.
sa‧li‧ent / seɪliənt / adjective formal
the salient points or features of something are the most important or most noticeable parts of it :
the salient points of the report
— salience noun [ uncountable ]
vordergründig Adjektiv
73
_____ Balken
der, -
74
bar n (meistens verwendet)
beam n (Bauwesen)
bar 1 S1 W1 / bɑ $ bɑr / noun [ countable ]
1 place to drink in
a) a place where alcoholic drinks are served → pub :
The hotel has a licensed bar .
a cocktail bar
b) British English one of the rooms inside a pub :
The public bar was crowded.
2 place to buy drink a counter where alcoholic drinks are served :
They stood at the bar.
3 a wine/coffee/snack etc bar a place where a particular kind of food or drink is served
4 a breakfast bar British English a place in your kitchen at home where you eat breakfast or a quick meal
5 block shape a small block of solid material that is longer than it is wide :
a chocolate bar
a candy bar
bar of
a bar of soap
6 piece of metal/wood a length of metal or wood put across a door, window etc to keep it shut or to prevent people going in or out :
houses with bars across the windows
7 behind bars informal in prison :
Her killer was finally put behind bars .
8 music a group of notes and rest s , separated from other groups by vertical lines, into which a line of written music is divided :
a few bars of the song
9 bar to (doing) something written something that prevents you from achieving something that you want :
I could see no bar to our happiness.
10 the bar
a) British English the group of people who are barrister s
b) American English an organization consisting of lawyers
11 be called to the bar
a) British English to become a barrister
b) American English to become a lawyer
12 on computer screen a long narrow shape along the sides or at the top of a computer screen, usually containing signs that you can click on :
the main menu bar at the top of the screen
the toolbar → scroll bar
13 in sports the long piece of wood or metal across the top of the goal in sports such as football :
The ball hit the bar.
14 pile of sand/stones a long pile of sand or stones under the water at the entrance to a harbour
15 colour/light a narrow band of colour or light
16 uniforms a narrow band of metal or cloth worn on a military uniform to show rank
17 heater British English the part of an electric heater that provides heat and has a red light
Balken Substantiv, maskulin
Der Balken zeigt den Fortschritt des Download-Vorgangs an.
The bar indicates the downloading progress.
Die Balken für die Decke sind aus Holz.
The beams for the ceiling are made of wood.
75
_____ Freiraum
der, äe
76
freedom n
free space n
seltener:
open space n · clearance n · leeway n · headroom n · breathing space n
Freiraum Substantiv, maskulin
Dem Angestellten wurde Freiraum für das Entwickeln eigener Ideen eingeräumt.
The employee was given free space to create his own ideas.
Beispiele:
mehr Freiraum m—more freedom · greater freedom
persönlicher Freiraum m—personal freedom n · personal space n
großer Freiraum m—ample space n
77
modulate sth. v (modulated, modulated)
mod‧u‧late / mɒdjəleɪt, mɒdjʊleɪt $ mɑdʒə- / verb
1 [ transitive ] formal to change the sound of your voice
2 [ transitive ] to change a process or activity to make it more controlled, slower, less strong etc :
These drugs modulate the disease process.
3 [ intransitive + from/to ] technical to move from one key to another in a piece of music using a series of related chord s
4 [ transitive ] technical to change the form of a radio signal so that it can be broadcast more effectively
— modulation / mɒdjəleɪʃ ə n, mɒdjʊleɪʃ ə n $ mɑdʒə- / noun [ uncountable and countable ]
etw.Akk modulieren Verb
78
etw miteinander _____
verknüpfen
79
link v (linked, linked) (meistens verwendet)
concatenate sth. v (concatenated, concatenated)
seltener:
combine v · connect v · relate v · interlink v · bring sb./sth. together v · knit sth. v · interface v · tie sth. v · knot v
con‧cat‧e‧na‧tion / kɒnkætəneɪʃ ə n, kɒnkætɪneɪʃ ə n $ kɑn- / noun [ uncountable and countable ] formal
a series of events or things joined together one after another
concatenation of
a strange concatenation of events
verknüpfen (jdn./etw.Akk ~) Verb
Diese Funktion verknüpft zusammengehörige Daten zu größeren Einheiten.
This function concatenates related data into larger units.
Beispiele:
etw.Akk mit etw.Dat verknüpfen v—combine sth. with sth. v · bind sth. to sth. v
geschicktes Verknüpfen nt—smart linking n
etw.Akk miteinander verknüpfen v—tie sth. together v
80
considerable adj
significant adj
large adj
substantial adj
extensive adj
...
beträchtlich Adjektiv
Der Sieger hatte einen beträchtlichen Vorsprung gegenüber den anderen Läufern.
The winner had a considerable lead over the other runners.
Die Agentur hat beträchtliche Erfahrungen in diesem Bereich.
The agency has extensive experience in the field.
81
_____ Symptomatik
die, Sg
82
symptoms pl (meistens verwendet)
seltener:
pathology n · symptomatology n
Symptomatik Substantiv, feminin
Beispiele:
klinische Symptomatik f—clinical symptoms pl · clinical symptomatology n
komplexe Symptomatik f—complex pathology n · complex symptomatology n
Symptomatik der Parkinson-Krankheit f [Umschr.] (Medizin)—Parkinsonism n
83
oppress sb. v (oppressed, oppressed)
op‧press / əpres / verb [ transitive often passive ]
1 to treat a group of people unfairly or cruelly, and prevent them from having the same rights that other people in society have :
native tribes oppressed by the authorities
2 to make someone feel unhappy, worried, or uncomfortable :
The gloom in the chapel oppressed her.
jn bedrücken Verb
84
sich _____ Sache ______
einer
bedienen
85
operate (sth.) v (operated, operated)
serve sb. v (served, served)
handle sth. v (handled, handled)
wait on sb. v (waited, waited)
...
bedienen (jdn./etw.Akk ~) Verb
Der neue Computer ist einfach zu bedienen.
The new computer is easy to operate.
Um das Gerät zu bedienen, muss man den Bildschirm berühren.
In order to operate the device, you need to touch the screen.
Jeder wird der Reihe nach bedient werden.
Everybody will be served in order.
Der erfahrene Techniker wusste, wie man die Maschine bedient.
The experienced technician knew how to handle the machine.
Mein Bruder ist ziemlich faul und erwartet immer, dass ich ihn bediene.
My brother is rather lazy and always expects me to wait on him.
86
_____ Auffälligkeit
die, en
87
abnormality n
seltener:
conspicuousness n · distinctive feature n · salience n · conspicuity n · striking feature n
sa‧li‧ent / seɪliənt / adjective formal
the salient points or features of something are the most important or most noticeable parts of it :
the salient points of the report
— salience noun [ uncountable ]
Auffälligkeit Substantiv, feminin
Beispiele:
weitere Auffälligkeit f—another peculiarity n
88
____ Ausdauer
die, Sg
89
endurance n
perseverance n
stamina n
persistence n
…
per‧se‧ver‧ance / pɜsəvɪərəns, pɜsɪvɪərəns $ pɜrsəvɪr- / noun [ uncountable ]
determination to keep trying to achieve something in spite of difficulties – use this to show approval :
It took perseverance to overcome his reading problems.
stam‧i‧na / stæmənə, stæmɪnə / noun [ uncountable ]
physical or mental strength that lets you continue doing something for a long time without getting tired :
You need stamina to be a long-distance runner.
Elaine has the stamina and the determination to succeed.
Ausdauer Substantiv, feminin
Der Sportler läuft jeden Tag, um seine Ausdauer zu verbessern.
The athlete runs every day to improve his endurance.
Jeder Beruf verlangt Engagement und Ausdauer.
Any profession requires dedication and perseverance.
Ausdauer ist ein wichtiger Bestandteil von Erfolg.
Perseverance is an important element of success.
Ein Läufer braucht gute Ausdauer.
A runner needs good stamina.
Das Training für einen Marathon erfordert Ausdauer und Konsequenz.
Training for a marathon requires persistence and consistency.
90
____ (soziale) Brennpunkt
der, e
91
focus n
focal point n
seltener:
hotspot n · fire point n · combustion point n · burning point n
focal point noun [ countable ]
1 the person or thing that you pay most attention to
focal point of
The pool is the focal point of the hotel.
focal point for
The new tax has been the focal point for much discussion.
2 technical the point at which beams of light meet after they have been through a lens
Brennpunkt Substantiv, maskulin
Die Entwicklung eines neuen Systems steht im Brennpunkt des Interesses.
The development of a new system is the focal point of interest.
Beispiele:
sozialer Brennpunkt m—social flashpoint n
kultureller Brennpunkt m—cultural hotspot n
92
____ Feigheit
die, en
93
cowardice n (fast immer verwendet)
seltener:
cowardliness n [ugs.] · gutlessness n · nervelessness n · recreance n
Feigheit Substantiv, feminin
Beispiele:
schmähliche Feigheit f—recreancy n
94
_____ Gewissenhaftigkeit
die, Sg
95
conscientiousness n (meistens verwendet)
diligence n
seltener:
scrupulousness n · meticulousness n · assiduousness n
as‧sid‧u‧ous / əsɪdjuəs $ -dʒuəs / adjective formal
very careful to make sure that something is done properly or completely SYN meticulous
assiduous in
He was assiduous in his attendance at church.
— assiduously adverb :
Even young children worked assiduously for a reward.
— assiduity / æsədjuəti, æsɪdjuəti $ -du- / noun [ uncountable ]
Gewissenhaftigkeit Substantiv, feminin
96
___ Hypnose
die, Sg
97
____ Mut
der, Sg
98
____ Nachlässigkeit
die, en
99
negligence n (meistens verwendet)
neglect n
seltener:
carelessness n · laxity n · sloppiness n · recklessness n · slackness n · inattentiveness n · perfunctoriness n · misfeasance n
Nachlässigkeit Substantiv, feminin
Beispiele:
professionelle Nachlässigkeit f—professional negligence n
ernsthafte Nachlässigkeit f—severe negligence n
allgemeine Nachlässigkeit f—general negligence n
100
____ Psyche
die, n
101
___ Psychoanalyse
die, Sg
102
___ (soziale) Schere
die, Sg
103
scissors pl
Schere Substantiv, feminin
104
_____ Schuldgefühl
das, e
105
feeling of guilt n
| sense of guilt n
Schuldgefühl Substantiv, Neutrum
106
____ Umfeld
das, er
107
_____ Verhaltensmuster
das, -
108
pattern n (meistens verwendet)
behavioural patternBE n
seltener:
behaviour patternBE n · behavior patternAE n · behavioral patternAE n
Verhaltensmuster Substantiv, Neutrum
Die Ratten zeigen ein typisches Verhaltensmuster.
The rats show a typical pattern.
Beispiele:
übliches Verhaltensmuster nt—usual behaviourBE n
gegenwärtige Verhaltensmuster pl—present habits pl
109
_____ Versprecher
der, -
110
slip n (of the tongue) (fast immer verwendet)
seltener:
slip of the tongue n
slip 2 S3 noun
1 paper [ countable ] a small or narrow piece of paper :
a slip of paper
an order slip
a betting slip → payslip
2 mistake [ countable ] a small mistake :
Molly knew she could not afford to make a single slip .
3 slip of the tongue/pen a small mistake you make when you are speaking or writing, especially by using the wrong word :
It was just a slip of the tongue. → Freudian slip
4 give somebody the slip informal to escape from someone who is chasing you :
Somehow she’d given them the slip.
5 clothing [ countable ] a piece of underwear, similar to a thin dress or skirt, that a woman wears under a dress or skirt :
a white silk slip
6 getting worse [ countable usually singular ] an occasion when something becomes worse or lower SYN drop
slip in
a slip in house prices
7 slide [ countable ] an act of sliding a short distance or of falling by sliding
8 a slip of a girl/boy etc old-fashioned a small thin young person – often used humorously
9 cricket [ countable usually plural ] a part of the field where players stand, trying to catch the ball in cricket
10 clay [ uncountable ] technical a mixture of clay and water that is used for decorating pots
Versprecher Substantiv, maskulin
Beispiele:
freudscher Versprecher m —Freudian slip
111
_____ Zeitalter
das, -
112
age n (meistens verwendet)
era n
epoch n
Zeitalter Substantiv, Neutrum
Unser Zeitalter ist gekennzeichnet durch technologische Entwicklungen.
Our age is hallmarked by technological developments.
Nach dem Krieg begann ein neues Zeitalter des Friedens.
After the war, a new era of peace began.
Im Geschichtsunterricht besprachen wir verschiedene Zeitalter.
We discussed different epochs in history class.
113
ankommen ______
auf + Akk
114
come down to sth. v
auf etw.Akk ankommen Verb
115
arrive v (arrived, arrived)
reach v (reached, reached)
come v
...
ankommen Verb
Der Zug kam spät abends an.
The train arrived late at night.
Die Lieferung ist rechtzeitig angekommen.
The delivery arrived on time.
Wir planen am Camp vor Sonnenuntergang anzukommen.
We are planning to reach the camp before sunset.
Die Produkte, die ich bestellt hatte, kamen drei Tage später an.
The products I had ordered came three days later.
116
use v (used, used)
prove sth. v (proved, proved oder proven)
verify v (verified, verified)
substantiate v (substantiated, substantiated)
occupy (sth.) v (occupied, occupied)
…
sub‧stan‧ti‧ate / səbstænʃieɪt / verb [ transitive ]
formal to prove the truth of something that someone has said, claimed etc :
Katzen offered little evidence to substantiate his claims .
— substantiation / səbstænʃieɪʃ ə n / noun [ uncountable ]
belegen (etw.Akk ~) Verb
Wir legten die Police vor, um unseren Anspruch zu belegen.
We presented the policy to prove our claim.
Wissenschaftliche Fakten belegen meine These.
Scientific facts prove my theory.
Unsere Ergebnisse belegen die Hypothesen.
Our results verify the hypotheses.
Er belegte seine Behauptung mit Tatsachen.
He substantiated his claim with facts.
Die Arbeitsgruppe belegte den Seminarraum für einige Stunden.
The study group occupied the seminar room for several hours.
117
show (sth.) v
demonstrate (sth.) v
point out v
point up sth. v
seltener:
point sth. out v · illustrate sth. v · evince sth. v
e‧vince / ɪvɪns / verb [ transitive ]
formal to show a feeling or have a quality in a way that people can easily notice :
She evinced no surprise at seeing them together
put out phrasal verb
1 fire/cigarette etc put something ↔ out to make a fire etc stop burning SYN extinguish :
The rescue services are still trying to put out the fires.
2 light put something ↔ out to make a light stop working by pressing or turning a button or switch SYN switch off
3 make available put something ↔ out to put things where people can find and use them :
The girls helped her to put out the cups and plates.
4 feel/be put out to feel upset or offended :
We were a little put out at not being invited to the wedding.
5 make extra work put somebody out to make extra work or cause problems for someone :
Mary can’t come to dinner tonight. She hopes it won’t put you out.
6 put yourself out to make an effort to do something that will help someone :
They had put themselves out to entertain her during her visit.
7 take outside put something ↔ out to take something outside your house and leave it there :
Remember to put the cat out before you go to bed.
put the rubbish/garbage etc out (= put unwanted things outside your house to be taken away )
put the washing out (= put clothes outside to dry )
8 put your tongue out to push your tongue out of your mouth, especially as a rude sign to someone
9 put your hand/foot/arm out to move your hand etc forward and away from your body :
He put out his hand toward her.
10 make unconscious put somebody out to make someone unconscious before a medical operation
11 put your back out to injure your back
12 produce something put something ↔ out to broadcast or produce something for people to read or listen to :
They put out a half-hour programme on young refugees.
13 put out feelers to try to discover information or opinions by listening to people or watching what is happening :
He had already put out feelers with local employers but they hadn’t been interested.
14 ship if a ship puts out, it starts to sail
15 have sex American English informal if a woman puts out, she has sex with a man
16 baseball put somebody out to prevent a baseball player from running around the base s , for example by catching the ball that they have hit
put up phrasal verb
1 build put something ↔ up to build something such as a wall, fence, building etc SYN erect :
They’re putting up several new office blocks in the centre of town.
2 for people to see put something ↔ up to put a picture, notice etc on a wall so that people can see it :
Can I put up some posters?
The shops have started to put up Christmas decorations.
3 attach something put something ↔ up to attach a shelf, cupboard etc to a wall :
My dad put up five shelves.
4 increase put something ↔ up British English to increase the cost or value of something SYN raise :
Most big stores admit they daren’t put prices up for fear of losing their customers.
5 raise put something ↔ up to raise something to a higher position :
I put up my hand and asked to leave the room.
Philip put his hood up because it was raining.
6 let somebody stay put somebody up to let someone stay in your house and give them meals :
I was hoping Kenny could put me up for a few days.
7 stay somewhere British English to stay in a place for a short time
put up at/in/with
We can put up at a hotel for the night.
8 put up a fight/struggle/resistance to show great determination to oppose something or get out of a difficult situation :
Gina put up a real fight to overcome the disease.
The rebels have put up fierce resistance.
9 put up something to give an amount of money for a particular purpose :
The paper put up a reward for information on the murder.
10 make available put something up to make something or someone available for a particular purpose
put something up for
They put their house up for sale .
The baby was put up for adoption .
11 put up a proposal/argument/case etc to explain a suggestion or idea so that other people can think about it or discuss it :
If you can put up a good enough case, the board will provide the finance.
12 elections put somebody ↔ up to suggest someone as a suitable person to be elected to a position :
I was put up for the committee.
13 put up or shut up spoken informal used to tell someone that they should either do what needs to be done or stop talking about it
put somebody up to something phrasal verb
to encourage someone to do something stupid or dangerous :
‘Did Shirley put you up to this?’ ‘No, it was my own idea.’
put up with somebody/something phrasal verb
to accept an unpleasant situation or person without complaining :
She put up with his violent temper.
Register
In written English, people usually prefer to use tolerate , which is more formal:
They had to tolerate many hardships.
aufzeigen (etw.Akk ~) Verb
Der Referent zeigte wichtige Unterschiede auf.
The speaker pointed out major differences.
Der Manager zeigte die Probleme im Fertigungsprozess auf.
The manager pointed up the problems in the production process.
Beispiele:
Alternativen aufzeigen v—show alternatives v
etw.Akk beispielhaft aufzeigen v—exemplify sth. v
118
contribute sth. to sth. v (contributed, contributed) (meistens verwendet)
contribute to sth. v (meistens verwendet)
zu etw.Dat beitragen (etw.Akk ~) Verb, trug bei, hat beigetragen
Jeder Mitarbeiter trägt zum Erfolg des Unternehmens bei.
Each employee contributes to the success of the company.
Es wird erwartet, dass alle Teilnehmer zur Diskussion beitragen.
All participants are expected to contribute to the discussion.
contribute to sth. v (meistens verwendet)
119
state v (stated, stated)
set sth. out v
set out v
present v (presented, presented)
set out phrasal verb
1 to start a journey, especially a long journey
set out for
Kate set out for the house on the other side of the bay.
set out on a journey/drive/voyage etc
The band are setting out on a European tour in March.
2 to start doing something or making plans to do something in order to achieve a particular result
set out to do something
salesmen who deliberately set out to defraud customers
set out with the idea/purpose/intention etc of doing something
They set out with the aim of becoming the number one team in the league.
3 set something ↔ out to explain ideas, facts, or opinions in a clearly organized way, in writing or in a speech :
He set out the reasons for his decision in his report.
4 set something ↔ out to put a group of things down and arrange them :
The market traders began setting out their displays.
5 set out on something to start doing something, especially something new, difficult, or important :
My nephew is just setting out on a career in journalism.
‘How did you meet Nick?’ ‘A friend set us up.’
11 set up home/house ( also set up housekeeping American English ) to get your own home, furniture etc, especially when you leave your parents’ home to live with a wife, husband, or partner :
Many parents try to help their children set up home.
12 set up a commotion/din/racket etc to start making a loud unpleasant noise :
The party guests were setting up a steady din. → set up camp at camp 1 ( 1 )
.
darlegen (etw.Akk ~) Verb
Er legte die Gründe für seine Entscheidung dar.
He stated the reasons for his decision.
Der Manager wird die Phasen des Projekts darlegen.
The manager is going to set out the stages of the project.
Der Manager legte seine Pläne für das kommende Jahr dar.
The manager set out his plans for the coming year.
In einem wissenschaftlichen Artikel müssen die Fakten ohne Voreingenommenheit dargelegt werden.
120
faszinieren =
jn fesseln
121
encrypt (sth.) v (encrypted, encrypted) (fast immer verwendet)
code v
en‧crypt / ɪnkrɪpt / verb [ transitive ]
to protect information by putting it into a special code that only some people can read, especially information that is on a computer → decrypt
— encryption / ɪnkrɪpʃ ə n / noun [ uncountable ] :
secure encryption of data
— encrypted adjective :
files stored in encrypted form
verschlüsseln (etw.Akk ~) Verb
Sensible Informationen müssen vor dem Versenden verschlüsselt werden.
Sensitive information must be encrypted before sending.
Der Techniker verschlüsselte die Daten in der Programmiersprache.
The technician coded the data in the programming language.
122
zurechtkommen _____
mit
123
cope v (coped, coped)
get along v
seltener:
manage v · make out v
zurechtkommen Verb
Es gelang ihm schnell, mit der neuen Situation zurechtzukommen.
He quickly managed to cope with the new situation.
Beispiele:
ganz gut zurechtkommen v—do OK v · do okay v
Mit ihm kann man nicht zurechtkommen.—There is no dealing with him.
mit etw.Dat zurechtkommen v—cope with sth. v
124
jn ____ etwas bringen
zu
125
can lead sb. to sth. v
jdn. zu etw.Dat bringen können v
126
sich in _____ neue Rolle ________
eine
einfinden
127
arrive v (arrived, arrived)
sichAkk einfinden Verb
128
hinter ______ Kulissen schauen
die
129
in _____ Lage ______
die
versetzen
130
put sb. in a position to do sth. v
enable sb. to do sth. v
jdn. in die Lage versetzen, etw.Akk zu tun Verb
jdn. in die Lage versetzen etw.Akk zu tun Verb
Siehe auch:
in der Lage—able adj
131
decisive adj
pivotal adj
piv‧ot‧al / pɪvət ə l / adjective
more important than anything else in a situation, system etc SYN key :
The Bank of England has a pivotal role in the London money market.
pivotal to
The talks are pivotal to the success of the country.
ausschlaggebend Adjektiv / Partizip Präsens
Meine Reisen haben eine ausschlaggebende Rolle in meinem Leben gespielt.
My travels have played a decisive role in my life.
Das ausschlaggebende Argument überzeugte ihn.
The pivotal argument convinced him.
132
gewohnt =
eingefahren
133
provok____
ant
134
nicht mehr aktuell =
überholt
135
___bewusst
un
136
bestehen ____
in + D
137
consist in
con‧sist W3 AC / kənsɪst / verb
consist in something phrasal verb [ not in progressive ] formal
to be based on or depend on something :
Happiness does not consist in how many possessions you own.
consist of something phrasal verb [ not in progressive ]
to be formed from two or more things or people :
The buffet consisted of several different Indian dishes.
consist mainly/largely/primarily of somebody/something
The audience consisted mainly of teenagers.
consist entirely/solely of somebody/something
The area does not consist entirely of rich people, despite popular belief. ► Do not say that something ‘is consisted of’ or ‘consists’ things or people. Say that it consists of things or people.
in etw.Dat bestehen Verb
138
illustrate sth. v (illustrated, illustrated)
demonstrate v (demonstrated, demonstrated)
exemplify v (exemplified, exemplified)
veranschaulichen (etw.Akk ~) Verb
Diese Grafik veranschaulicht die Beziehung von Gesundheit und Glück.
This graph illustrates the relation between health and happiness.
Das Schema veranschaulicht die einzelnen Schritte des Arbeitsablaufes.
The schema illustrates the individual steps of the workflow.
Ich werde mein Argument mit einer Geschichte veranschaulichen.
I will exemplify my point with a story.
139
Passiversatz und Aspektverschiebung
a) Gerundiv als Passiversatz
Passivsätze mit den Modalverben
können
müssen
sollen
kann man auch mithilfe des Gerundivs ausdrücken. Es wird mit
zu + Partizip 1 + Adjektivendung
gebildet und steht attributiv vor dem Nomen. Das Gerundiv wird vorwiegend in der Schriftsprache verwendet. In der gesprochenen Sprache verwendet man eher Relativsätze. Es hängt vom Kontext ab, welches Modalverb passt. Eine weitere Alternative zum Gerundiv ist
ein Relativsatz mit Infinitiv + zu
1. Gerundiv
ein dringend zu lösendes Problem
ein einfach durchzuführender Test
2. Passiv mit Modalverb
ein Problem, das dringend gelöst werden muss (soll)
ein Test, der einfach durchgeführt werden kann.
3. Infinitiv + zu
ein Problem, das dringend zu lösen ist.
ein Test, der einfach durchzuführen ist
b) Aspekverschiebung mit Modalverben: Aktiv - Passiv
Eine Absicht lässt sich in zwei Formen ausdrücken: als Aktivsatz mit dem Modalverb WOLLEN
Die Autorin will Eltern in die Lage versetzen, mit Auffälligkeiten ihrer Kinder umzugehen.
oder
als Passivkonstruktion mit SOLLEN
Eltern sollen (nach Vorstellung der Autorin) in die Lage versetzt werden, mit Auffälligkeiten ihrer Kinder umzugehen.
c) Passivsatz mit bekommen + Partizip II
Ein Passivsatz ohne modalen Charakter lässt sich aktiv durch eine Konstruktion mit bekommen + Partizip II ausdrücken.
Passiv
Dem Leser wird anschaulich dargelegt, wie ein Umdenken gelingen kann.
bekommen + Partizip II
Der Leser bekommt anschaulich dargelegt, wie ein Umdenken gelingen kann.
140
Wortbildung: Nachsilben bei Adjektiven
a) -(i)al und (i)ell
Einige Adjektive mit dem gleichen Stamm und den Endungen -(i)al oder (i)ell haben unterschiedliche Bedeutungen:
real - reell
der reale Austausch = der konkrete Austausch
reelle Chancen auf mehr Erfolg = sehr gute Chancen
ideal - ideell
die ideale Entscheidung = bestmögliche
ideelle Werte = keine ökonomischen Werte
rational - rationell
eine rationale Überlegung = vernunftgesteuerte
rationelle Arbeitsabläufe = rasche, effiziente
b) -(a,i)bel und -(i)ös
Die Adjektive die auf -(a,i)bel und -(i)ös enden, stammen meist aus dem Lateinischen. Die Nachsilben bedeuten gewöhnlich, dass etwas gemacht werden kann, entsprechen also einem Passiversatz
-(a,i)bel
Der Lärm ist nicht tolerabel.
Manche Menschen sind sehr sensibel.
-(i)ös
Es macht mich nervös, wenn jd immer mit den Händen redet.
Therapeuten, die eine schnelle Heilung versprechen, sind nicht immer seriös.
141
controlled
seltener:
managed · guided · piloted
gesteuert Adjektiv / Partizip Perfekt
Beispiele:
zentral gesteuert—managed centrally
elektronisch gesteuert—controlled electronically
automatisch gesteuert—controlled automatically
