Vol.3-Ch.5 "Immunology" Flashcards
(45 cards)
How long does it take for anaphylaxis to take effect?
It usually begins in 30-60 seconds, but a very small % see symptoms over an hour later
What are the two most common causes of fatal anaphylaxis?
Parenteral Pinicillin (1st common) Hymenoptera (bee/wasp stings) (2nd common)
Components of the immune system can be found in what other systems?
blood
bone marrow
lymphatic system
Cellular immunity VS humoral immunity?
Cellular Immunity: is when there is a direct attack on the foreign substance by specialized cells and they actually engulf and deactivate the offending agents
Humoral Immunity: Involves a chemical attack on an invading substance using antibodies aka immunoglobulins (Igs)
What special immune system cell creates antibodies aka immunoglobulins (Igs)?
B cells
What are the 5 different classes of antibodies aka immunoglobulins (Igs)?
- IgA
- IgD
- IgE
- IgG
- IgM
What is an antigen?
Most antigens are _____?
Antibodies ____ themselves to antigens to facilitate removal of the antigen by other cells of the immune system.
Any substance capable of inducing an immune response
Most antigens are proteins
Antibodies attach themselves to antigens to facilitate removal of the antigen by other cells of the immune system
Primary VS Secondary Response
Primary response is the initial exposure to an antigen and therefore there are no specialized cells for that specific antigen. Generalized antibodies (IgG and IgM) are released to help fight the antigens but could take several days to fight off.
Secondary response is the second exposure to an antigen but this time there are specialized antibodies (antigen-specific antibody) for that specific antigen so the response and neutralization of the antigen is must faster and more efficient.
Natural Immunity VS Acquired Immunity
Natural Immunity: (innate immunity) is present at birth, everyone has some innate immunity
Acquired Immunity: develops over time from exposure to an antigen
Naturally Acquired Immunity VS Induced Active Immunity
Naturally Acquired Immunity: Begins after birth and is continually enhanced by exposure to new pathogens and antigens over a life span
Induced Active Immunity: (artificially acquired immunity) achieved through vaccination and provides relative protection against an infectious agent
Active Immunity VS Passive Immunity
both are acquired immunity
Active Immunity: occurs following exposure to an antigen and results in the production of antibodies specific for the antigen.
Passive Immunity: the administration of antibodies to provide protection until the active immunity kicks in.
Natural Passive Immunity VS Induced Passive Immunity
Natural passive immunity: occurs when antibodies cross the placental barrier from the mother to enfant
Induced Passive Immunity: is the administration of antibodies to an individual to help fight infection or prevent diseases.
What is the initial exposure of an individual to an antigen called?
Sensitization
Hypersensitivity = ?
Allergy
What are the 2 types of hypersensitivity (aka allergy)?
Delayed Hypersensitivity: is a result of cellular immunity and doesn’t involve antibodies. It takes place for hours or days and usually results in a rash. Example = poison ivy
Immediate Hypersensitivity: classic thought of an allergy, involves a large presence of IgE antibodies that get released when a specific antibody is present (drugs, food, animals, insects, fungi/mold, radiology contrast materials) and is usually genetically passed
The large presence of what antibody is released when an antigen is introduced and what is that antigen called that is able to cause the release of that antibody?
IgE ; when a specific antigen causes the release of a load of IgE it is considered an Allergen
What are the 3 families of Hymenoptera?
Fire ants (Formicoidea) Wasps/Yellow Jackets/ and Hornets (Vespidae) Honey Bees (Apoidea)
How do the IgE antibodies aid in the immune response specifically?
After the allergen (specific antigen) is detected, a large quantitiy of IgE get released that immediately attach to basophils and mast cells. Then the antigen binds to the IgE antibody that is already attached to a basophil or mast cell and this causes a reaction that leads to the basophils and mast cells releasing histamine, heparin, and other substances.
What category of cells can mast cells and basophils be put into? why?
They are Granulocytes because they store histamine and heparin in granules and in order to release it they must Degranulate
When mast cells and basophils degranulate they release what? and cause what?
they release histamine, heparin, and other substances which result in an Allergic Reaction (which can be mild or severe)
Histamines cause what 4 things?
what is the main goal they are trying to achieve by these 4 reactions?
They cause:
- bronchoconstriction (try to keep antigen out of lungs)
- increased intestinal motility (trying to move antigen quickly through the GI tract to reduce absorption)
- vasodilation
- Increased vascular permeability ( last two are trying to remove allergen from circulation where it can do the most harm)
The main goal is to minimize the bodies exposure to the antigen/allergin
Why can an allergic reaction cause angioneurotic edema aka angioedema?
Where is this effect normally seen?
it causes it b/c one of the effects of histamine is increased vascular permeability which causes fluids to leak into the interstitial spaces.
Usually seen as a swollen head, neck, face, and upper airway (not upper airway as this means you may have to intubate quickly)
in severe cases like anaphylaxis the edema can leak enough fluids that enough blood plasma (mostly water) is lost that it can cause hypovolemic shock
What are the 4 classes of histamines? Where are they located and what are the major biological effects?
H1 - is in Smooth muscle and Endothelial cells; acute allergic reactions
H2 - is in gastric parietal cells ; secretion of gastric acid
H3 - in the Central Nervous System ; modulation of neurotransmission
H4 - in Mast cells, Eosinophils, T cells ; regulates immune response
Why is anaphylaxis more common with injected drugs and bee stings?
Because it usually occurs when a specific allergen is INJECTED directly into circulation. Since it goes straight into circulation is spreads much master