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Volatiles Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the molecular weight of halothane?

A

197

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2
Q

What is the molecular weight of isoflurane?

A

184.5

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3
Q

What is the molecular weight of enflurane?

A

184.5

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4
Q

What is the molecular weight of desflurane?

A

168

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5
Q

What is the molecular weight of sevoflurane?

A

200.1

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6
Q

What is the molecular weight of nitrous oxide?

A

44

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7
Q

What is the molecular weight of xenon?

A

131

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8
Q

What is the boiling point of halothane?

A

50.2

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9
Q

What is the boiling point of isoflurane?

A

48.5

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10
Q

What is the boiling point of enflurane?

A

56.5

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11
Q

What is the boiling point of desflurane?

A

23.5

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12
Q

What is the boiling point of sevoflurane?

A

58.5

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13
Q

What is the boiling point of nitrous oxide?

A

-88

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14
Q

What is the boiling point of xenon?

A

-108

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15
Q

What is the SVP of halothane?

A

32.3

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16
Q

What is the SVP of isoflurane?

A

33.2

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17
Q

What is the SVP of enflurane?

A

23.3

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18
Q

What is the SVP of desflurane?

A

89.2

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19
Q

What is the SVP of sevoflurane?

A

22.7

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20
Q

What is the SVP of nitrous oxide?

A

5200

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21
Q

What is the SVP of xenon?

A

unknown

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22
Q

What is the MAC of halothane?

A

0.75

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23
Q

What is the MAC of isoflurane?

A

1.17

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24
Q

What is the MAC of enflurane?

A

1.68

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25
What is the MAC of desflurane?
6.6
26
What is the MAC of sevoflurane?
1.8-2.2
27
What is the MAC of nitrous oxide?
105
28
What is the MAC of xenon?
71
29
What is the blood:gas partition coefficient of halothane?
2.4
30
What is the blood:gas partition coefficient of isoflurane?
1.4
31
What is the blood:gas partition coefficient of enflurane?
1.8
32
What is the blood:gas partition coefficient of desflurane?
0.42
33
What is the blood:gas partition coefficient of sevoflurane?
0.7
34
What is the blood:gas partition coefficient of nitrous oxide?
0.47
35
What is the blood:gas partition coefficient of xenon?
0.14
36
What is the oil:blood partition coefficient of halothane?
224
37
What is the oil:blood partition coefficient of isoflurane?
98
38
What is the oil:blood partition coefficient of enflurane?
98
39
What is the oil: blood partition coefficient of desflurane?
29
40
What is the oil:blood partition coefficient of sevoflurane?
80
41
What is the oil:blood partition coefficient of nitrous oxide?
1.4
42
What is the oil:blood partition coefficient of xenon?
1.9
43
What is the odour of halothane?
Sweet
44
What is the odour of isoflurane?
Irritant
45
What is the odour of enflurane?
Non-irritant
46
What is the odour of desflurane?
Pungent
47
What is the odour of sevoflurane?
Non-irritant
48
What is the odour of nitrous oxide?
Odourless
49
What is the odour of xenon?
Odourless
50
Which factors increase MAC?
Infancy Hyperthermia Hyperthyroidism Hypernatraemia Catecholamines Sympathomimetics Chronic EtOH Chronic opiate use Acute amphetamine use
51
Which factors decrease MAC?
Neonatal period Advanced age Pregnancy Hypotension Hypothermia Hypothyroidism Alpha-2 agonists Sedatives Acute EtOH Acute opiate use Chronic amphetamine use Lithium
52
Which factors decrease the time taken to reach equilibrium of anaesthetic agent?
Increased alveolar ventilation Decreased FRC Increased FiAA Reduced cardiac output Reduced blood:gas partition coefficient Second gas effect
53
Which metabolic system is responsible for metabolising the C-(halogen) bond?
CYP450 (CYP2E1)
54
In which order do volatile agents affect cardiac contractility (most -> least)
Halothane > Enflurane > Isoflurane > Sevoflurane > Desflurane
55
What is xenon?
An inert, odourless, noble gas that makes up about 8.7 x10^-6 % of the atmosphere.
56
How is xenon produced?
By fractional distillation of air
57
How expensive is xenon?
Very. Over 2000x the cost of an equivalent amount of N₂O
58
What is the atomic number of xenon?
54
59
What is the critical temperature of xenon?
16.6
60
What is the mechanism of action of xenon?
Inhibition of glutamate at the NMDA receptor producing anaesthesia and analgesia. Also blocks 5HT3 receptors, although is hasn’t been shown to have an effect on PONV.
61
What are the effects of xenon on the cardiovascular system?
Minimal effects on CO, although mildly vagolytic producing a small decrease in HR. Has some ischaemic preconditioning properties
62
What are the effects of xenon on the respiratory system?
Reduction in RR Increase in VT Overall unchanged MV Will produce apnoea in high enough concentration
63
What are the effects of xenon on the CNS?
Likely neuroprotective Small variable increases in CBR, so not recommended for neurosurgery
64
What is the critical pressure of N₂O?
72 bar
65
Is N₂O a vapour or a gas?
Both, it is inhaled as a vapour, and exhaled as a gas.
66
How is N₂O produced?
Thermal decomposition of ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) at 250°C
67
What other compounds are produced alongside N₂O?
Nitric oxide (NO Nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) Nitric acid (HNO₃) Ammonia (NH₃) Nitrogen (N) Water (H₂O)
68
How are the unwanted side products removed during N₂O production?
Acid/Alkali wash
69
How is N₂O stored?
As a liquid with a pressure of 52 bar (the SVP of the vapour above the liquid)
70
What colour cylinders are used to store N₂O?
French blue
71
Define filling ratio?
The ratio of the mass of liquid N₂O compared to if filled with water
72
What is the filling ratio of N₂O?
0.75 in UK 0.67 in tropics
73
74
What is the mechanism of action of N₂O?
Inhibition of NMDA receptor resulting in analgesia and sedation.
75
What are the effects of N₂O on the cardiovascular system?
Decreased myocardial contractility offset by increase in central sympathetic outflow. In heart failure this can cause decompensation. No sensitisation to catecholamines.
76
What are the effects of N₂O on the respiratory system?
Small reduction in VT Small increase in RR No net change in MV
77
What are the effects of N₂O on the CNS?
Increase in CBF and CMRO₂ - avoid in neurosurgery and head injury
78
Give some undesirable side effects of N2O.
Inhibition of B12 → cobalt ion at the centre of B12 is oxidised making it unsuitable to act as a cofactor in methionine synthesise → can lead to reduced DNA synthesis + megaloblastic anaemia Subacute combined degeneration of the cord occurs by a similar mechanism Expands gas-filled spaces
79
What is entonox?
A 50:50 mix of N₂O and O₂
80
How is entonox stored?
French blue cylinders with a white and blue checkered shoulder at 137 bar
81
What is the metabolism of isoflurane?
The liver metabolises isoflurane to trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) and inorganic fluoride ions Only about 0.2% of isoflurane is metabolised, with the rest being exhaled unchanged
82
What is the metabolism of isoflurane?
The liver metabolises enflurane to trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) and inorganic fluoride ions Only about 2% of enflurane is metabolised, with the rest being exhaled unchanged
83
What is the metabolism of sevoflurane?
The liver metabolises sevoflurane to trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) and inorganic fluoride ions Only about 3% of sevoflurane is metabolised, with the rest being exhaled unchanged
84
What is the metabolism of halothane?
20% metabolised Oxidative metabolism: The primary pathway for metabolising halothane, catalysed by CYP2E1 → chloride + bromide + trifluoroacetic acid → acute hepatitis Reductive metabolism: A minor pathway for metabolising halothane, catalysed by CYP2A6 and CYP3A4 → fluoride + bromide ions

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