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Volcanoes & Earthquakes Flashcards

(51 cards)

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1
Q

Active Volcano

A

has recently erupted and likely will erupt soon

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2
Q

Dormant Volcano

A

Has not erupted recently but there is evidence of s magma reservoir

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3
Q

Extinct Volcano

A

No evidence of eruption in historic times and no evidence of magma reservoir

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4
Q

Magma Chamber

A

Area beneath earth where magma collects

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5
Q

Main Vent

A

Narrow pipe in the middle of a volcano that connects the magma chamber to the crater

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6
Q

Secondary Vent

A

Thing narrow pipe at the side of a volcano, formed when the main vent is blocked

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7
Q

Crater

A

Bowl-shaped basin at the top of volcano

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8
Q

Name types of volcano

A

Cone/Stratovolcano
Shield
Caldera

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9
Q

Cone/Stratovolcano Characteristics

A

Steep Sides
Sticky Lava
More explosive Eruptions
Alternating layers of ash and lava
On convergent (destructive boundries)

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10
Q

What plate boundries are cone volcanoes found on

A

destructive/convergent

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11
Q

Shield Volcano Characteristics

A

Gently Sloping sides
runny/thin lava
less explosive, gentle eruptions
frequent eruptions
found on divergent(constructive)

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12
Q

What kind of boundries are sheild volcanoes found on

A

constructive/divergent

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13
Q

Caldera

A

crater volcano
formed when volcano collapses in on itself after emptying magma chamber

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14
Q

3 compositional layers of earth

A

core (inner & outer)
mantle
crust

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15
Q

Hot spots

A

magma rises to the surface in series of convection currents

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16
Q

Focus

A

exact point at which the earthquake occured

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17
Q

Epicentre

A

point on surface directly above focus

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18
Q

seismic waves

A

shockwaves moving out from focus

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19
Q

What 2 types of waves are produced from earthquakes

A

P waves
S waves

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20
Q

P waves

A

Longitudinal
Can pass through solids and liquids
faster than S waves

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21
Q

S waves

Study These Flashcards
A

Transverse
only pass through solids
slower than P waves`

22
Q

Two types of crust

Study These Flashcards
A

Continental
Oceanic

23
Q

Continental Crust Characteristics

Study These Flashcards
A

THick (25-90km)
Old
Less dense than oceanic

24
Q

Oceanic crust

Study These Flashcards
A

thinner (5-10km)
heavier
denser
constantly being created and destroyed - result of plate movement where it’s denser and subducts under continental

25
Types of plate boundaries
Divergent (Constructive) Convergent (Destructive) Collision Transform (Conservative)
26
Divergent Boundaries
Plates move apart volcanic eruptions & earthquakes can occur here
27
Convergent Boundaries
plates move toward each other denser oceanic plate subducts under continental earthquakes and volcanic eruptions can occur
28
Collision Boundaries
plates of similar density move toward each other land pushed up as neither is light enough to subduct forms fold mountains earthquakes are main hazard
29
Transform Boundaries
plates move past each other at different speeds earthquakes only hazard
30
What plate Boundaries can volcanic eruptions occur at?
Divergent, Convergent, hot spots
31
what plate Boundaries can earthquakes occur at?
All
32
Volcanoes at constructive boundaries
- divergent plate boundaries often occur under sea - lava escapes through gap left as the plates move apart - lava cools and hardens, forming new crust - lava is more runny, eruptions less explosive - these form shield volcanoes
33
Volcanoes at Destructive boundaries
heavier/denser plate subducts under lighter plate - subduction zone = plates come together causing friction - friction causes heat and plate material melts into magma - magma rises to surface through crack in crust - cooling lava and ash build up, forming volcano - lava is sticky, explosive eruptions - eruptions form composite stratovolcanoes
34
Where can earthquakes occur
Anywhere - mostly at/near plate boundaries - all kinds of plate boundaries - tend to be weaker at divergent - others stronger
35
Primary hazards
Direct result of EQ or eruption
36
Secondary hazards
result of primary hazards
37
Primary hazards of earthquakes
Ground shaking Surface rupture
38
Primary hazards of eruptions
Lava flow pyroclastic flow volcanic bombs lahars ash fall earthquakes
39
Secondary hazards of earthquakes
Liquefaction landslides tsunami fires
40
Secondary hazards of eruptions
landslides tsunamis acid rain ash fallout rain from atmosphere
41
Effects of earthquakes and eruptions
- Loss of life/injury - collapse/destruction of buildings - transport network destroyed - loss of jobs/businesses - loss of crops - power/water supply damage - damage to environment - closure of airports
42
When did the Christchurch earthquake occur?
12:51pm 22nd February 2011
43
How far was the chch earthquake from chch?
10km
44
How long did the chch earthquake last?
10-20 seconds
45
What was the chch earthquake on the richter scale?
6.3
46
How deep was the chch earthquake?
5km
47
What plates did the chch earthquake happen on?
Pacific plate and Austrilasian plate
48
Primary effects of chch earthquake
* Extensive damage * 185 dead * 3130 injured * 6800 minor injuries * 100,000 properties damaged * 10,000 properties demolished * $28b damage * water & sewage damaged * cathedral spire collapsed * liquefaction destroyed many roads and buildings
49
Secondary effects of chch earthquake
2200 in temp housing 5 rugby world cup matches cancelled schools closed for 2 weeks 1/5 of population migrated out of chch businesses closed 2 large aftershocks less than 4 months later it'll take 50-100 years to economically recover 80% of peoples lives changed significantly
50
Immediate responses to chch earthquake
$6-7mil international aid Red cross and other charities supplied aid workers rescue crews from all over the world (including UK, USA, Australia, Taiwan) 300 australian police flew into chch 3 days later 30,000 residents provided chemical toilets
51
Longterm responses to chch earthquake
construction of 10,000 affordable homes water & sewage restored by 11th aug. nz govt provided temp housing NGOs provides support canterbury earthquake recovery authority created to organise rebuilding the nation

Geo (3 decks)

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