VOLK

Question 1

The nucleus is encased by two-unit membranes forming the _________.

Answer 1

nuclear envelope

Question 2

The _____ nuclear membrane is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) system.

Answer 2

outer

Question 3

The outer nuclear membrane is studded with ________.

Answer 3

ribosomes, giving it a “rough” appearance

Question 4

The inner nuclear membrane associates with _______.

Answer 4

heterochromatin

Question 5

________ represent discontinuities in the nuclear envelope structure through which physical communication can occur.

Answer 5

Nuclear pores (NP)

Question 6

Immediately underlying the nuclear envelope is a filamentous mesh-work called the nuclear ______.

Answer 6

lamina

Question 7

The nuclear lamina is composed primarily of proteins called ______.

Answer 7

lamins

Question 8

There are _____ major types of lamins.

Answer 8

3

Question 9

Lamins are members of the family of ______ filament proteins.

Answer 9

intermediate

Question 10

The nuclear lamina is assembled into a _____-dimensional sheet-like lattice.

Answer 10

two

Question 11

Nuclear pores have ________ symmetry.

Answer 11

octagonal

Question 12

There are approximately ________ nuclear pores per cell.

Answer 12

3000-4000

Question 13

Nuclear pores are ______-shaped.

Answer 13

donut

Question 14

Gene _______ is regulated by the Nuclear Pore Complex (NPC).

Answer 14

transcription

Question 15

________ chromatin associates with interior transcription factories.

Answer 15

Active

Question 16

_______ chromatin is peripherally located at the nuclear envelope.

Answer 16

Inactive

Question 17

The ________ is a subnuclear body.

Answer 17

nucleolus

Question 18

The nucleolus is _____ membrane bound.

Answer 18

not (!!)

Question 19

The nucleolus is visible by both ______ and _______ microscopy.

Answer 19

light, electron

Question 20

The nucleolus is the site of ________ gene clustering

Answer 20

rDNA

Question 21

The nucleolus is the site of ______ synthesis, and _________ assembly.

Answer 21

rRNA, ribosome

Question 22

__________ factories are distinct regions within the nucleus that have transcription occurring.

Answer 22

Transcription

Question 23

If one nucleus is analogous to Lake _______, then a protein is analogous to a ______ in terms of scale within the nucleus.

Answer 23

Lake Ontario, person

Question 24

The speed of molecules moving within the nucleus would need to be analogous to ________.

Answer 24

9000 mph

Question 25

Membrane-less _______ are formed by phase separation.

Answer 25

compartments

Question 26

The Nuclear Pore Complex (NPC) is involved in the passage of nuclear and _______ molecules.

Answer 26

cytosolic

Question 27

_______ molecules can freely diffuse through nuclear pores.

Answer 27

Small

Question 28

Small molecules that can freely diffuse through nuclear pores are typically proteins less than ______ kDa.

Answer 28

50

Question 29

_________ transport is required for larger molecules to pass through nuclear pores.

Answer 29

Active

Question 30

Larger molecules interact with _________ to undergo active transport through nuclear pores.

Answer 30

FG nucleoporins

Question 31

The Nuclear Pore Complex is up to ______ MDa in size.

Answer 31

125

Question 32

The Nuclear Pore Complex is composed of _______ proteins.

Answer 32

500-1000

Question 33

There are approximately ______ different types of nucleoporins.

Answer 33

30

Question 34

Most proteins are synthesized in the ________.

Answer 34

cytoplasm

Question 35

Proteins functioning in the nucleus control of _________.

Answer 35

DNA replication

Question 36

Proteins functioning in the nucleus regulate _________.

Answer 36

transcription

Question 37

The _______ dictates nuclear import.

Answer 37

Nuclear Localization Sequence (NLS)

Question 38

An NLS is a stretch of ________.

Answer 38

amino acids

Question 39

A common NLS sequence is -Lys-Lys-Lys-Arg-Lys-, which is rich in ________ amino acids.

Answer 39

positive

Question 40

NLS sequences are ________ for nuclear import.

Answer 40

necessary

Question 41

Mutating an NLS will prevent a protein from entering the ________.

Answer 41

nucleus

Question 42

The NLS is ______ to localize proteins into the nucleus.

Answer 42

sufficient

Question 43

Normally cytoplasmic proteins tagged with an NLS become ________.

Answer 43

nuclear

Question 44

Many proteins need to be actively ________ from the nucleus.

Answer 44

exported

Question 45

All ________ is synthesized in the nucleus but mostly functions in the cytosol.

Answer 45

RNA (mRNA, rRNA, tRNA)

Question 46

RNA molecules generally need to be “______” in the nucleus prior to export.

Answer 46

processed

Question 47

A leucine-rich sequence called the _________ facilitates nuclear export.

Answer 47

Nuclear Export Sequence (NES)

Question 48

The consensus NES is _________.

Answer 48

Leu-X1-2-Leu-X2-3-Leu-X-Leu

Question 49

Diffusible small proteins need to be actively ________ from the nucleus.

Answer 49

excluded

Question 50

_________ factors that function in gene expression by regulated import/export need to be shuttled out of the nucleus.

Answer 50

Transcription

Question 51

Assembled ________ (a form of RNP) need to be shuttled out of the nucleus.

Answer 51

ribosomal subunits

Question 52

Large _______-containing proteins that may function in both the nucleus and cytoplasm need to be shuttled out of the nucleus.

Answer 52

NLS

Question 53

Proteins that are actively exported contain both an _______ and an ________.

Answer 53

NLS, NES

Question 54

_________ are chaperones that bind to the NLS for nuclear import.

Answer 54

Importins

Question 55

_________ are chaperones that bind to the NES for nuclear export.

Answer 55

Exportins

Question 56

______ is a key regulator of nuclear import and export.

Answer 56

Ran

Question 57

Ran is a _____ protein.

Answer 57

G

Question 58

The _______ form of Ran is associated with export.

Answer 58

GTP

Question 59

The ______ form of Ran is associated with import.

Answer 59

GDP

Question 60

_________ are found in the cytoplasm.

Answer 60

Ran-GAPs

Question 61

______ are chromatin-bound.

Answer 61

Ran-GEFs

Question 62

________ export is typically a Ran-independent process.

Answer 62

mRNP

Question 63

mRNP stands for _______-containing complexes.

Answer 63

mRNA

Question 64

mRNP (mRNA-containing complexes) export is typically a Ran-___________ process.

Answer 64

indepedent

Question 65

GTP to GDP hydrolysis provides directionality for nuclear transport by creating _____________ of various protein complexes across the membrane.

Answer 65

concentration imbalances

Question 66

Importin and exportin are recycled back through the pore by virtue of the same kind of ___________ that result in cargo transport.

Answer 66

concentration imbalances