Voluntary and forced collectivisation (13) Flashcards
(32 cards)
What had Stalin committed to the USSR?
To collective farming as a result of the Great Turm of 1928.
Initially, what had the focus been on?
Voluntary collectivisation which was persuading peasants of benefits of working communally through posters, leaflets, and films which had limited effect.
What was the “Ural-Siberian method” of grain requisitioning?
Involving the forcible seizure of grain and closing down private markets this had brought unrest in rural areas.
By 1929 what percentage of all farms had been collectivised?
Less than 5%
What did Stalin believe about some of the grain procurement problems had been caused by?
The richer kulaks holding back supplies.
What and when did Stalin announce he was going to do?
Annihilate the kulaks as a class.
How did collectivisation start?
It started with government beginning to campaign with the issues of new procurement quotas, with punishments for peasants who did not keep up with deliveries.
What did a deliberate propaganda campaign against the kulaks try and create?
A rift within the peasant class between poor and better-off farmers.
By the end of 1929, what had the government begun?
A programme of all-out, forced collectivisation.
Where were peasants driven into?
Into collectives by local party members (often students from cities filled with fervour to create a new socialist society.
Who helped among the process of collectivisation?
The OGPU and the Red Army where necessary, identifying, executing or deporting kulaks.
What percentage of kulaks represented the peasant households?
4%
What was a kulak?
A wealthy or prosperous peasant
What did Stalin declare about the kulaks?
They must be “liquidated as a class” and they were not permitted to join collectives.
What percentage of plant households were destroyed and how many peasants were forced to migrate to north and east to poorer land?
15% of plant households were destroyed
150,000 peasants were forced to migrate
What did Stalin announce in January 1930?
That 25% of grain farming areas were to be collectivised that year.
By March 1930 what percentage of plants households had been collectivized?
58%
How did they collectivise peasant households?
Through a mixture of propaganda and force, in face of mounting peasants disquiet, the speed at which this happened was incredibly rapid.
What did Stalin write on an article about Party members?
They were becoming “dizzy with success”.
What returned for a brief amount of time?
Voluntary collectivisation was permitted until after the harvest had been collected that year, and peasants were allowed to leave collectives and their livestock returned to them, provided they were not a kulak.
What percenatge of housolds were still collectivised by October 1930 due to retuning voluntary collecticisation?
20%
Once the peasnats had shown the spring crop in 1931,he process of collectivisation gradually increased, to reach what percentage of housholds by 1941?
100%
What was a kolkhoz?
A typical collective farm created by combining small individual darms together in a cooperative structure.
What did the average kolkoz compromise?
75 families and their livestock.
