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Neuro Exam 3 > Voluntary Motion > Flashcards

Voluntary Motion Flashcards

1
Q

Set of cyclic, coordinated timing signals that are generated by a cluster of interconnected neurons

A

Central pattern generators (CPGs)

These neurons act like pacemaker cells that when combined with local interconnected circuits generates rhythms

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2
Q

4 organized areas of neural structures involved in the control of movement

A
  1. Local spinal cord and brainstem circuits
  2. Descending control from cortex and brainstem
  3. Cerebellum
  4. Basal ganglia
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3
Q

Role of dorsal pathway in visual processing of objects

A

Primary path associating vision with movement; completes motor acts based on visual input

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4
Q

The dorsal pathway of visual processing originates from the _______ cortex and goes to the ______ cortex

The ventral pathway of visual processing originates from the _____cortex and goes to the _____ cortex

A

Primary visual; parietal/frontal

Primary visual; inferior temporal

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5
Q

Role of ventral pathway in visual processing of objects

A

Primarily involved in interpreting images (recognizing or copying shapes, forms, faces)

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6
Q

Cortical regions invoved in reaching for an object:

Information arises from _____; output from the visual cortex dorsal stream splits into 2 pathways.

What is the difference in function of division 1 vs. division 2?

A

V1

Division 1 = where the object is located in space

Division 2 = mapping the location of your arms in relation to the object

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7
Q

In division 1 of the dorsal stream, once information from the visual cortex (V1) is projected to _____ in the parietal cortex. From there it projects to ____, ____, and _____.

A

V6A; PEc, MIP, VIP

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8
Q

In division 1 of the dorsal stream, once information from the visual cortex (V1) is projected to V6A in the parietal cortex. From there it projects to PEc, MIP (medial intraparietal area), and VIP (ventral intraparietal area). What is the function of VIP?

A

VIP creates a rough map of the space around you

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9
Q

In division 1 of the dorsal stream, once information from the visual cortex (V1) is projected to V6A in the parietal cortex. From there it projects to PEc, MIP (medial intraparietal area), and VIP (ventral intraparietal area). Where does the VIP project to and what is the function of that area?

A

VIP —> F4

F4 creates a detailed map of the space around you with specific knowledge of the location of the object you are attempting to grasp

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10
Q

In division 2 of the dorsal stream, once information from the visual cortex (V1) is projected to V6A (similar to division 1), V6A projects to ____ and _____, then to _____

A

PEc; AIP; F2

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11
Q

In division 2 of the dorsal stream, once information from the visual cortex (V1) is projected to V6A (similar to division 1), V6A projects to PEc, AIP, then to F2. What is the function of F2?

A

F2 constructs the map containing information about where you are in space in relation to the environment around you

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12
Q

In terms of cortical regions of note for actually grasping an object, information arising from V1 travels to 3 pools of neurons in the anterior intraparietal area and PFG. What are these neuron pools and what are their functions in relation to grasping an object?

A
  1. Visual dominant neurons = seeing an object you want to grasp
  2. Motor dominant neurons = actually grasping what you want to grasp
  3. Visumotor neurons = either condition
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13
Q

Cortical regions of note for grasping an object consist of neurons going from AIP and PFG (parts of inferior parietal cortex) finally to ____ which contributes to the action of actually grasping the object

A

F5

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14
Q

Difference between premotor, supplementary motor, and primary motor cortex in their roles relating to motor control

A

Premotor = determines whether it’s ok to move, identifies goal and motion required to meet that goal

Supplementary motor = postural control, identifies specific motor sequence required, changes tactics if necessary

Primary motor cortex = codes the individual motions required to reach the goal

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15
Q

The ____ portion of the premotor cortex in particular applies the rules that determine whether it’s appropriate to move at that time; it identifies the motion needed and decides what motion to produce

A

Dorsal

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16
Q

Which area of the motor cortex is involved in executive control and allows you to switch actions quickly?

A

Supplementary motor cortex

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17
Q

The supplementary cortex has what 2 divisions?

A

Supplementary motor area (SMA) = responsible for postural control; sets the motor programs of learned sequences

Pre-supplementary motor area (Pre-SMA) = plans motor program required to make an action occur; learning a sequence of complex movements

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18
Q

The primary motor cortex is arranged in columns. Layer ___ receives sensory input while layer ____ becomes the output for the CST (pyramidal) pathway

There are 2 sets of neurons per column, one to ___ the motion, and one to ____ the motion

A

IV; V

Start; maintain

19
Q

T/F: within the primary motor cortex, neighboring columns control neighboring muscles

A

False; neighboring columns control related MOTIONS, not neighboring muscles

20
Q

The _____ division of the cerebellum projects to descending brainstem and CST pathways, influencing proper execution of coordinated movements

A

Spinocerebellum (medial and lateral)

21
Q

The ____ division of the cerebellum projects to motor cortices and controls planning, coordinating, properly timed movement sequences

A

Cerebrocerebellum (aka pontocerebellum)

22
Q

The ____ division of the cerebellum projects to vestibular nuclei and functtions in coordinated balance and eye movements

A

Vestibulocerebellum

23
Q

Anatomy of spinocerebellum

A

Vermis and intermediate parts of the hemisphere

24
Q

The spinocerebellum receives input from the spinocerebellar tract of the SC and ____ n., as well as visual and auditory systems.

It sends fibers to ____ and _____ nuclei, then the cerebral cortex. It modulates descending motor systems.

A

Trigeminal

Interposed; fastigial

25
Q

Cerebrocerebellum anatomy

A

Lateral parts of the hemispheres

26
Q

The cerebrocerebellum receives input from the cortex via the _____, and projects to the ____ nucleus.

Ouput is back to the thalamus then on to the pre-motor nucleus and primary motor cortex, and to the _____ nucleus

A

Thalamus; dentate

Red

27
Q

Which division of the cerebellum is involved in sequencing rapid movements?

A

Cerebrocerebellum

28
Q

Anatomy of vestibulocerebellum

A

Flocculonodular lobe

29
Q

Which NTs are associated with mossy fibers, climbing fibers, and purkinje cells of the cerebellum?

A

Mossy fibers = glutamate

Climbing fibers = aspartate (excitatory)

Purkinje cells = GABA (inhibitory)

30
Q

Compare and contrast the neural controls on arm/hand motions with those that elicit walking

A

Both are complex and under voluntary control

Walking is rhythmic, stereotyped, associated with CPG in the SC. Initiation derives from cortex. Sensory input modifies the basic rhythm but is not required normally.

Arm/hand motion often involves single motion to reach goal, and each motion is individually determined, originating from pre-motor, SMA, motor cortex, cerebellum, and/or basal ganglia. Sensory input is crucial to creation of the correct motion.

31
Q

Role of basal ganglia in voluntary motion

A

Involved in planning and programming of movement — particularly for its proper initiation

[modulated by behavioral contex in which movements are performed]

32
Q

In terms of basal ganglia, the ____ receives the main input from nearly all of the cerebral cortex. The output from the basal ganglia (GPi and SNpr) is ______ and projects to motor areas in the brainstem and thalamus

A

Striatum; inhibitory

33
Q

Result of damage to basal ganglia vs. damage to SNpc (substantia nigra pars compacta)

A

Damage to any basal ganglia structure may cause slowness of a voluntary movement, involuntary movements, involuntary postures, or a combination of these

Damage to SNpc causes tremor at rest, slowness of movement, rigidity, and postural instability, which are the main features of PD

34
Q

Components of basal ganglia

A

Striatum (caudate + putamen)

Globus pallidus (external + internal segments)

Substantia nigra (pars compacta + pars reticulate)

Subthalamic nucleus

35
Q

The striatum receives most of the inputs to the basal ganglia. The input from the cortex consists of NT ______; it also receives input from _____ neurons of substantia nigra pars compacta.

90% of the neurons in the striatum are ______, so their output is inhibitory. The intrastriatal system is cholinergic, so it is ________

A

Glutamate; dopaminergic

GABAergic; stimulatory

36
Q

The subthalamic nucleus receives input from the ____ lobe. Its output is excitatory to other basal ganglia with NT _______

The subthalamic nucleus is kept uner tonic inhibition by _____, but disinhibition is seen in PD

A

Frontal; glutamate

GPe

37
Q

The substantia nigra stimulates ____ receptors which are stimulatory, and _____ receptors which are inhibitory

A

D1; D2

38
Q

The SNPC receives inputs and relays them to the _______, the motor cortices also send inputs to this area.

The ____ and _____ send axons to the thalamus; when activated, they release GABA in the thalamus, inhibiting it, and then proceed to the cortex or brainstem

A

Striatum

GPi; SNPR

39
Q

Damage to what type of neurons is implicated in huntington disease?

A

Cholinergic

40
Q

The basal ganglia work by inhibition and subsequent removal of that inhibition to start a movement.

The corticostriate tract (from cortex to striatum) releases ______

The nigrostriatal tract (from SN to striatum) is tonically active and releases ______

A

EAA

Dopamine

41
Q

Functions of direct and indirect pathways for function of basal ganglia

A

Direct pathway facilitates flow of info through the thalamus and increases consequential excitation of the cortex by REMOVING inhibition [excited by D1]

Indirect pathway inhibits flow of info through the thalamus and decreases activity in the cortex by MAINTAINING inhibition [inhibited by D2; excited by EAA/ACh]

42
Q

In parkinson disease, the SNPC input is abolished. What are the 2 effects this has on initiation of movement?

A
  1. The direct pathway becomes difficult to activate
  2. The indirect pathway becomes overactive (due to loss of inhibition)

Therefore we see an inability to initiate motion

43
Q

Role of alpha-gamma coactivation in production of voluntary motion

A

Coactivation of both sets of fibers causes the tension on the muscle spindles to be maintained as the muscle shortens; thus sensitivity to stretch is maintained

Neuro Exam 3 (9 decks)

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