Vragen Immunologie

Question 1

What are the different antigen presenting cells?

Answer 1

• Dendritic cells
• Macrophages
• B cells

Question 2

Which cells express MHC class I?

Answer 2

All nucleated cells

Question 3

Which cells do express MHC class II?

Answer 3

All immune cells:

• Dendritic cells
• Macrophages
• T cells

Question 4

What different uptake mechanisms are there for antigens that are presented in MHC class II?

Answer 4

• Pinocytosis
• Phagocytosis
• Endocytosis

Question 5

What type of pathogen is presented in MHC class II

Answer 5

• Bacteria
• Fungi

NIET VIRUS

Question 6

What are the different signals necessary for CD4+ T cell activation?

Answer 6

1) cytokines
2) antigen presented in MHC class II
3) co-stimulation

Question 7

What are the different signals necessary for CD8+ T cell activation?

Answer 7

1) cytokines
2) antigen presented in MHC class I
3) co-stimulation

Question 8

What type of pathogen is presented in MHC class I through the normal route and not via cross presentation?

Answer 8

Virus

Question 9

Which signal is not essential to stimulate a naive CD8+ T cell?

Answer 9

Chemokines

Question 10

Which signal is essential to stimulate a naive CD8+ T cell

Answer 10

• Peptide in MHC class I
• Co-stimulatory molecules
• Cytokines

Question 11

Where are naive CD8+ T cells activated?

Answer 11

lymph nodes and spleen

Question 12

Where is MHC class II loaded?

Answer 12

Endolysosome

Question 13

What is the function of the invariant chain?

Answer 13

• Stabilising the MHC class II molecule

- Preventing loading of the MHC class II molecule in the endoplasmic reticulum

Question 14

What does an immature dendritic cell need to mature?

Answer 14

Toll-like receptor signaling

Question 15

How is a protein antigen processed for MHC class I?

Answer 15

Proteasome

Question 16

A cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) will not attack a healthy non-infected cell

Answer 16

True

Question 17

A pathogen is entering a wound in the skin and is taken up by dendritic cells. How do they migrate to the lymph node?

Answer 17

Afferent

Question 18

Which factors mediate dejndritic cell homing to a lymph node?

Answer 18

• Chemokines (attrack immune cells to the lymph node)

- Adhesion molecules (necessary to enter the lymph node)

Question 19

How can the immune system be used for anti-cancer treatmen?

Answer 19

• Vaccination with dendritic cells
• Adoptive transfer of T cells
• Checkpoints blockade with antibodies

Question 20

Which of the following can be used as vaccination strategy and how would you use it?

Answer 20

• Dendritic cells (loaded with peptide)
• Proteins (need adjuvant)
• Viruses (weakened or dead)
• Bacteria (weakened or dead)

Question 21

What can be used as an adjuvant in a vaccination

Answer 21

• Dead bacteria

- Synthetic Toll-like receptor ligand

Question 22

The purpose of a dendiritc cell based on vaccination strategy is to stimulate both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells

Answer 22

True

Question 23

Vaccination causes autism

Answer 23

False

Question 24

Where are the peptides loaded on MHC class I

Answer 24

Endoplasmic reticulum

Question 25

What does a naive CD8+ T cell become when it has received 3 stimulation signals?

Answer 25

Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes (CTL)

Question 26

What signals lead to T cell deletion or anergy induction by dendritic cells in the lymph node?

Answer 26

Signal 1 (for specificity)

Question 27

What happens to patients that have no CD4+ T helper cells?

Answer 27

They have deficient B cell responses and cannot raise IgG titers to vaccinations

Question 28

Some viruses try to escape the effector CD8+ T cell response directed to virally infected cells. What would be a possible pathway of these viruses to do this?

Answer 28

Inhibition of TAP functions (= membrane protein in the ER via which peptides enter the ER)

Question 29

How many peptides are presented in how many MHC class I molecules in a healthy situation?

Answer 29

Thousands of peptides bound to and presented by 6 different MHC class I molecules (3 different types, by mom and dad)

Question 30

Is the CD8+ T cell response to the same influenza virus strain identical in each individual?

Answer 30

No, because different antigenic peptides form the influenza virus will be presented in different HLA molecules in different individuals