Vragen van in het boek

Question 1

Which method of knowing is being used by a student who believes that his performance on tests is influenced by wearing a lucky hat?
a. The method of empiricism
b. The method of faith
c. The method of tenacity
d. The method of authority

Answer 1

c

Question 2

Which method of knowing is used when you find the address and phone number of a restaurant by googling the name of the restaurant?
a. Method of empiricism
b. Rational method
c. Method of authority
d. Scientific method

Answer 2

c

Question 3

Last year Tim and his friend Jack were both too short to ride the roller coaster. Jack went to the park this year and was tall enough to ride. Tim knows that he is taller than Jack, so he knows that he will be able to ride the roller coaster as well. Which method of knowing is Tim using?
a. Method of empiricism
b. Rational method
c. Method of authority
d. Scientific method

Answer 3

b

Question 4

A restaurant chef tried replacing rice with pasta in one of her recipes to see what would happen. Which method of acquiring knowledge is she using?
a. Method of empiricism
b. Rational method
c. Method of authority
d. Scientific method

Answer 4

a

Question 5

Which of the following is the best description of the scientific method?
a. A circular process that leads to a final answer
b. A linear process that moves directly to a final answer
c. A circular process that leads to a tentative answer
d. A linear process that leads to a tentative answer

Answer 5

c

Question 6

What kind of reasoning uses a few specific observations to produce a general hypothesis?
a. Inductive reasoning
b. Deductive reasoning
c. Scientific reasoning
d. Predictive reasoning

Answer 6

a

Question 7

A hypothesis is a —– statement and a prediction is a —— statement.
a. specific; general
b. specific; specific
c. general; specific
d. general; general

Answer 7

c

Question 8

What is meant by saying that “science is objective”?
a. Scientific answers are based on direct observation.
b. Scientific answers are based on logical reasoning.
c. Scientific answers are obtained without influence by the researcher’s biases or beliefs.
d. Scientific answers are made available for evaluation by others.

Answer 8

c

Question 9

Which of the following is a distinction between science and pseudoscience?
a. Pseudoscience tends to dismiss or refuse to accept negative results.
b. Pseudoscience tends to rely on testimonials and selected results.
c. Pseudoscience tends to treat criticism as a personal attack.
d. All of the other options are differences between science and pseudoscience.

Answer 9

d

Question 10

Which of the following is typical of quantitative research?
a. It involves measuring variables for each individual.
b. It usually involves numerical scores.
c. It uses statistical analysis to summarize and interpret results.
d. All of the above.

Answer 10

d

Question 11

A researcher conducts a study in which 50 college students are assigned to different treatments and tested. In the study, the students are called
a. research associates.
b. research cohorts.
c. research participants.
d. research subjects.

Answer 11

c

Question 12

The first step in the research process is
a. identifying a topic area and searching the literature to find a research question.
b. forming a hypothesis.
c. deciding which individuals should participate in the study.
d. selecting a research strategy.

Answer 12

a

Question 13

For which of the following questions would the scientific method be an appropriate method for seeking an answer.
a. How many angels can stand on the head of a pin?
b. Is abortion moral or immoral?
c. What conditions promote student learning in an elementary classroom?
d. How would life be different if the computer had never been invented?

Answer 13

c

Question 14

Which of the following is not a good example of a research hypothesis?
a. There is no relationship between fatigue and reaction time.
b. Increased sugar consumption leads to an increased level of activity. c. Smaller class size is related to better academic performance.
d. A person’s level of self-esteem is related to how long he or she will persist at a difficult task.

Answer 14

a

Question 15

What term is used for a variable that cannot be observed or measured directly but is useful for describing and explaining behavior?
a. Construct
b. Operational variable
c. Theoretical variable
d. Hypothetical variable

Answer 15

a

Question 16

What is the goal of an operational definition?
a. Simply to provide a definition of a hypothetical construct
b. Simply to provide a method for measuring a hypothetical construct
c. To provide a definition and a method for measuring a hypothetical construct
d. None of the other options describe the purpose of an operational definition

Answer 16

c

Question 17

Which of the following is a disadvantage of using an operational definition?
a. The operational definition may not be an accurate reflection of the construct.
b. The operational definition may leave out important components of the construct.
c. The operational definition may include extra components that are not part of the construct.
d. All of the other options are disadvantages.

Answer 17

d

Question 18

Research results indicate that the more time individuals spend watching educational television programs as preschool children, the higher their high school grades will be. What kind of relationship exists between educational TV and high school grades?
a. Cause-and-effect
b. Coincidental
c. Positive
d. Negative

Answer 18

c

Question 19

A research study reports that participants who scored high on a new test measuring self- esteem made eye contact during an interview, whereas participants who scored low on the test avoided eye contact. Assuming that more eye contact is associated with higher self-esteem, what kind of validity is being demonstrated?
a. face
b. concurrent
c. predictive
d. convergent

Answer 19

c

Question 20

Which of the following accurately describes the relationship between validity and reliability?
a. Measurement cannot be valid unless it is reliable.
b. Measurement cannot be reliable unless it is valid.
c. If a measurement is reliable, then it also must be valid.
d. None of the above is an accurate description.

Answer 20

a

Question 21

An elementary school teacher separates students into high, medium, and low reading skill groups. What scale of measurement is being used to create the groups?
a. Nominal
b. Ordinal
c. Interval
d. Ratio

Answer 21

b

Question 22

After measuring a set of individuals, a researcher finds that Bob’s score is three times greater
than Jane’s score. What scale of measurement is being used?
a. Nominal
b. Ordinal
c. Interval
d. Ratio

Answer 22

d

Question 23

What additional information is obtained by measuring on an interval scale compared to an ordinal scale?
a. Whether the measurements are the same or different
b. The direction of the differences
c. The size of the differences
d. None of the above

Answer 23

c

Question 24

Using a PET scan to measure brain activity while participants solve mathematics problems is an example of using what modality of measurement?
a. Self-report
b. Survey
c. Behavioral
d. Physiological

Answer 24

d

Question 25

Using an anonymous questionnaire to determine how many times students send or receive text messages during class is an example of using what modality of measurement? a. Self-report b. Survey c. Behavioral d. Physiological

Answer 25

a

Question 26

Counting the number of times a third-grade student leaves his or her seat without permission during a 30-minute observation period is an example of using what modality of measurement? a. Self-report b. Survey c. Behavioral d. Physiological

Answer 26

c

Question 27

Why is the range effect known as a “ceiling effect” a problem for researchers? a. The scores are already so high that there is no chance of measuring improvement. b. The scores are already so low that there is no chance of measuring a decrease. c.There is so much room for improvement that the measurements are almost certain to increase. d. There is so much room for lower performance that the measurements are almost certain to decrease.

Answer 27

a

Question 28

Why is an artifact like experimenter bias a threat to the validity of measurement? a. The measurements may be distorted by the artifact. b. Different measurements may be obtained under the same conditions if the artifact were not present. c. The artifact may provide an alternative explanation for the results. d. None of the other options accurately describes the threat.

Answer 28

a

Question 29

Which of the following describes participants taking on the negativistic subject role? a. They are concerned that their performance in the study will be used to evaluate them. b. They try to act so that their data are in contrast to the hypothesis. c. They try to act so that their data are consistent with the hypothesis. d. They try to avoid acting on the basis of their suspicions.

Answer 29

b

Question 30

Dr. Near conducts an experiment on memory for individuals who are above the age of 65. Although there are millions of people above the age of 65, she selects a group of 25 to participate in the experiment. What name is given to the group of 25? a. A sample b. An accessible sample c. A population d. A subgroup

Answer 30

a

Question 31

What name is given to the group of individuals from which researchers actually select participants for research studies? a. The accessible population b. The target population c. The representative population d. The real population

Answer 31

a

Question 32

For situations in which the researcher cannot know the complete list of potential participants, what kind of sampling is necessary? a. Target sampling b. Nontarget sampling c. Probability sampling d. Nonprobability sampling

Answer 32

d

Question 33

If each person in a large group has an equal chance of being included in an experiment, then what kind of sampling is being used? a. Systematic sampling b. Random sampling c. Convenience sampling d. Cluster sampling

Answer 33

b

Question 34

A teacher obtains a sample of children from a fifth-grade classroom by randomly selecting the third, fifth, and eighth rows and taking all the students in those rows. What kind of sampling is being used? a. Simple random sampling b. Systematic sampling c. Cluster sampling d. Stratified sampling

Answer 34

c

Question 35

A researcher would like to describe and compare the attitudes of four different ethnic groups of students at a local state college. What kind of sampling would be best to obtain participants for the study? a. Simple random sampling b. Stratified random sampling c. Proportionate stratified random sampling d. Systematic sampling

Answer 35

b

Question 36

A researcher recruits a sample of 25 preschool children for a research study by posting an announcement in a local daycare center describing the study and offering a $10 payment for participation. What kind of sampling is the researcher using? a. Cluster sampling b. Quota sampling c. Simple random sampling d. Convenience sampling

Answer 36

d

Question 37

Which of the following sampling techniques is most likely to result in a biased sample? a. Simple random sampling b. Convenience sampling c. Proportionate stratified random sampling d. Systematic sampling

Answer 37

b

Question 38

A researcher would like to select a sample of 50 people so that five different age groups are equally represented in the sample. Assuming that the researcher does not know the entire list of people in the population, which sampling technique should be used? a. Quota sampling b. Stratified random sampling c. Proportionate stratified random sampling d. Cluster sampling

Answer 38

a

Question 39

Which of the following questions can be addressed with the descriptive strategy? a. What is the average number of text messages that a typical adolescent sends in a month? b. Is there a relationship between the number of text messages that adolescents send each month and the number of pages of leisure reading done by adolescents? c. Does decreasing the number of text messages sent by adolescents cause an increase in number of pages read for leisure? d. None of these questions can be addressed with this strategy

Answer 39

a

Question 40

A research study attempts to describe the relationship between self-esteem and birth order position by measuring self-esteem for each individual in a group of first-born boys, and then comparing the results with self-esteem scores for a group of later-born boys. Which research strategy is being used? a. Nonexperimental b. Correlational c. Experimental d. Quasi-experimental

Answer 40

a

Question 41

Which of the following is a general plan for implementing a research strategy? a. A research procedure b. A research design c. A research study d. A research protocol

Answer 41

b

Question 42

Results from a research study suggest that a stop-smoking program is very successful. How- ever, the participants who volunteered for the study were all highly motivated to quit smoking and the researcher is concerned that the same results may not be obtained for smokers who are not as motivated. What kind of validity is being questioned? a. Internal validity b. External validity c. Experimental validity d. Validity of measurement

Answer 42

b

Question 43

The degree to which your research results generalize beyond the specific characteristics of your study refers to a. internal validity. b. external validity. c. general validity. d. reliability.

Answer 43

b

Question 44

A researcher measures mood for a group of participants who have listened to happy music for 20 minutes and for a second group who have listened to sad music for 20 minutes. If different mood scores are obtained for the two groups, the researcher would like to conclude that music influences mood. However, the happy music group was tested in a room painted yellow and the sad music group was in a room painted dark brown and the researcher is concerned that the room color and not the music may influence mood scores. What kind of validity is being questioned? a. Internal validity b. External validity c. Experimental validity d. Validity of measurement

Answer 44

a

Question 45

A journal article reports that a new teaching strategy is very effective for first-grade students. A teacher wonders if the same strategy would be effective for a class of third-grade students. What is the teacher questioning? a. The external validity of the report b. The internal validity of the report c. The reliability of the report d. The accuracy of the report

Answer 45

a

Question 46

How can sensitization threaten external validity of a study? a. The results may be limited to the novel situation of the research study. b. The results may be limited to individuals who have experienced a pretest. c. The results may be limited to individuals who have experienced a series of different treatment conditions. d. The results may be limited to participants taking on different subject roles.

Answer 46

b

Question 47

Which of the following describes a variable that exists in a study but is not being directly examined? a. Independent b. Dependent c. Extraneous d. External

Answer 47

c

Question 48

A study examining the relationship between humor and memory compares memory per- formance scores for one group presented with humorous sentences and a second group presented with nonhumorous sentences. The participants in one group are primarily 8-year-old students and those in the second group are primarily 10-year-old students. In this study, age is potentially a(n) ________ variable. a. independent b. dependent c. extraneous d. confounding

Answer 48

d

Question 49

What aspect of a study is threatened if the participants are tested in one treatment condition at one time and then tested in a second treatment condition at a different time? a. Internal validity b. External validity c. Reliability d. Accuracy

Answer 49

a

Question 50

Cues given to participants about how they are expected to behave define which of the following terms? a. Reactivity b. Demand characteristics c. Experimenter bias d. Volunteer bias

Answer 50

b

Question 51

Experimental research studies tend to have very _____ internal validity but often have relatively _____ external validity. a. high; low b. low; high c. high; high d. low; low

Answer 51

a

Question 52

How do studies using the experimental research strategy differ from other types of research? a. Only experiments can demonstrate a cause-and-effect relationship between variables. b. Only experiments involve comparing two or more groups of scores. c. Only experiments can demonstrate that relationships exist between variables and provide a description of the relationship. d. Only experiments can demonstrate a bidirectional relationship between variables.

Answer 52

a

Question 53

Dr. Jones is interested in studying how indoor lighting can influence people’s moods during the winter. A sample of 100 households is selected. Fifty of the homes are randomly assigned to the bright-light condition where Dr. Jones replaces all the lights with 100-watt bulbs. In the other 50 houses, all the lights are changed to 60-watt bulbs. After two months, Dr. Jones measures the level of depression for the people living in the houses. In this example, how many dependent variables are there? a. 100 b. 50 c. 2 d. 1

Answer 53

d

Question 54

Research indicates the people who suffer from depression also tend to experience insomnia. However, it is unclear whether the depression causes insomnia or the lack of sleep causes depression. What problem is demonstrated by this example? a. the directionality problem b. the third-variable problem c. the extraneous variable problem d. the manipulation-check problem

Answer 54

a

Question 55

In an experiment, what is the purpose for manipulating the independent variable? a. It helps establish the direction of the relationship by showing that the dependent variable changes when you manipulate the independent variable. b. It helps eliminate the third-variable problem because you decide when to manipulate rather than waiting for the variable to change. c. It helps establish the direction of the relationship and it helps eliminate the third-variable problem. d. Manipulation does not establish the direction of the relationship or eliminate the third-variable problem.

Answer 55

c

Question 56

In order to establish an unambiguous relationship between two variables, it is necessary to eliminate the possible influence of which of the following variables? a. Extraneous variables b. Confounding variables c. Independent variables d. Dependent variables

Answer 56

b

Question 57

Which of the following characteristics are necessary for an extraneous variable to become a confounding variable? a. It must change systematically from one participant to the next. b. It must change systematically when the independent variable is changed. c. It must have no systematic relationship with the dependent variable. d. It must have no systematic relationship to either the independent or the dependent variables.

Answer 57

b

Question 58

In an experiment comparing two treatments, the researcher assigns participants to treatment conditions so that each condition has fifteen 7-year-old children and ten 8-year-old children. For this study, what method is being used to control participant age? a. Randomization b. Matching c. Holding constant d. Limiting the range

Answer 58

b

Question 59

Holding a variable constant is a technique for removing one threat to____ , but it can limit the ____ of an experiment. a. internal validity, external validity b. external validity, internal validity c. internalvalidity,reliability d. external validity, reliability

Answer 59

a

Question 60

Which of the following is the primary goal for randomly assigning participants to treatment conditions in an experiment? a. Increase the ability to generalize the results b. Avoid selection bias c. Ensure that the individuals in the sample are representative of the individuals in the population d. Minimize the likelihood that a participant variable (such as age or gender) becomes a confounding variable

Answer 60

d

Question 61

What is the purpose for using a control condition in an experiment? a. It provides a baseline that can be used to evaluate the size of the treatment effect. b. It minimizes the threat of a confounding variable. c. It is necessary to ensure the internal validity of the study. d. It is necessary to ensure the external validity of the study.

Answer 61

a

Question 62

An experiment includes a treatment condition, a no-treatment control, and a placebo control. Which two conditions should be compared to determine the size of the effect that is actually caused by the treatment? a. Placebo versus treatment b. Placebo versus no treatment c. Treatment versus no treatment d. You only need to look at the scores in the placebo control condition

Answer 62

a

Question 63

A researcher exposes people to a stressful situation (such as public speaking) to examine the effect of stress on depressed mood. Why would the researcher also include a measure of stress? a. It is a measure of the dependent variable. b. It is a measure of extraneous variables. c. It is a control for confounding variables. d. It is a manipulation check.

Answer 63

d

Question 64

# ** A researcher moves an experiment out of the laboratory and into the real world. This type of research is called a. a simulation study. b. a field study. c. a transported study. d. a quasi-experimental study.

Answer 64

b

Question 65

Researchers often use simulation experiments in an attempt to obtain the _________ of an experiment and still keep much of the _________ of research conducted in the real world. a. external validity, internal validity b. internal validity, external validity c. experimentalrealism,mundanerealism d. mundane realism, experimental realism

Answer 65

b

Question 66

Although field studies tend to have higher external validity than traditional laboratory studies, what risk do they tend to have? a. Lower internal validity b. Lower reliability c. An increased risk of confounding from history effects d. An increased risk that the manipulation of the independent variable will not be effective.

Answer 66

a

Question 67

Which statement best characterizes a between-subjects experimental design? a. Participants are randomly selected from two different populations. b. Each participant is assigned to one condition of the experiment. c. Each participant is assigned to every condition of the experiment. d. Participants with the same characteristics are assigned to the different conditions of the experiment.

Answer 67

b

Question 68

Which of the following accurately describes the scores in a between-subjects experiment? a. Only one score is obtained for each participant. b. At least two scores are obtained for each participant. c. One score is obtained for each treatment condition for each participant. d. Each score represents multiple participants.

Answer 68

a

Question 69

If a between-subjects experiment produces 50 scores in treatment 1 and 50 scores in treatment 2, then how many participants were in the entire experiment? a. 50 participants b. 100 participants c. 25 participants d. 200 participants

Answer 69

b

Question 70

In a between-subjects experiment, if the participants in one group have characteristics that are different from the participants in another group, then which of the following is threatened? a. Internal validity b. External validity c. Reliability d. Accuracy

Answer 70

a

Question 71

For a between-subjects experiment, which of the following is a possible threat to internal validity? a. Individual differences that exist within treatments b. Individual differences that exist between treatments c. The risk that one treatment condition may influence scores in another treatment d. All of the above are threats.

Answer 71

b

Question 72

Which of the following does not guarantee that a specific participant variable will not become a confounding variable? a. Matching the variable across treatments b. Randomizing the variable across treatment c. Holding the variable constant d. All of the other options guarantee that the variable does not become a confounding variable

Answer 72

b

Question 73

Which of the following is a limitation of using matching rather than random assignment to form groups in a between-subjects experiment? a. Matching requires another measurement procedure. b. Matching reduces error due to participant differences. c. Matching is easier than randomization. d. Matching eliminates any systematic relationship between participant characteristics and the treatment conditions.

Answer 73

a

Question 74

How does holding a variable constant prevent the variable from becoming a confound? a. It eliminates the possibility that the variable will be substantially different from one group to another. b. It reduces error. c. It ensures a nonbiased sample. d. It increases the differences between the groups.

Answer 74

a

Question 75

Which of the following maximizes the likelihood of a successful research result? a. Increase the differences between treatments and decrease the variance within treatments b. Decrease the differences between treatments and increase the variance within treatments c. Increase the differences between treatments and increase the variance within treatments d. Decrease the differences between treatments and decrease the variance within treatments

Answer 75

a

Question 76

Which of the following is an option for limiting the variance within treatment conditions? a. Hold a participant variable constant b. Randomize participant variables across treatments c. Match participant variables across treatments d. All of the above are options for limiting variance within treatments

Answer 76

a

Question 77

Which of the following is a potential problem with holding a participant variable constant? a. It threatens the internal validity of the study. b. It threatens the external validity of the study. c. It lowers the likelihood of obtaining a significant difference between treatments. d. None of the above is a potential problem.

Answer 77

b

Question 78

Which of the following accurately defines compensatory equalization? a. One group demands the same benefits received by another group. b. One group works extra hard to make up for not receiving the benefits received by another group. c. One group stops trying because it is not receiving the benefits received by another group. d. Elements of the treatment in one group have spread to another group.

Answer 78

a

Question 79

Which of the following accurately defines compensatory rivalry? a. One group demands the same benefits received by another group. b. One group works extra hard to make up for not receiving the benefits received by another group. c. One group stops trying because it is not receiving the benefits received by another group. d. Elements of the treatment in one group have spread to another group.

Answer 79

b

Question 80

Which of the following accurately defines diffusion? a. One group demands the same benefits received by another group. b. One group works extra hard to make up for not receiving the benefits received by another group. c. One group stops trying because it is not receiving the benefits received by another group. d. Elements of the treatment in one group have spread to another group.