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VRL INFCTNS Flashcards

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1
Q

● severe acute respiratory illness.
● Saudi Arabia in 2012

A

MIDDLE EAST RESPIRATORY SYNDROME (MERS-CoV)

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2
Q

What is the ETIOLOGIC AGENT OF MERS-CoV?

A

MERS-Coronavirus

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3
Q

What is the MODE OF TRANSMISSION OF MERS-CoV?

A

Close contact with infected person

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4
Q

What is the INCUBATION PERIOD OF MERS-CoV?

A

5 to 6 days, but can range from 2 to 14 days

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5
Q

What are the SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF MERS-CoV?

A

-FEVER
-COUGH
-SHORTNESS OF BREATH
-DIARRHEA
-NAUSEA AND VOMITING

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6
Q

What are the DIAGNOSTIC EXAMS for MERS-CoV?

A

● Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
● ELISA

● Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) -
CONFIRMATORY TEST (used to detect viral RNA)

● ELISA-
SCREENING TEST used to detect the presence and concentration of specific antibodies
that bind to a viral protein.

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7
Q

What is the MEDICAL MANAGEMENT for MERS-CoV?

A

● Currently NO VACCINE is available to treat
MERS-COV
● TREATMENT IS SUPPORTIVE and based on a person’s
clinical condition

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8
Q

What are the PREVENTION for MERS-Cov?

A

● Wash hands often with soap and water for 20
seconds or use alcohol-based sanitizers
● Cover nose and mouth with tissue when coughing
or sneezing, then throw tissue in the trash.
● Avoid touching the eyes, nose and mouth with
unwashed hands.
● Avoid personal contact such as kissing or sharing
cups or eating utensils with sick people.
● Clean and disinfect frequently touched surfaces
such as doorknobs and toys

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9
Q

is a serious, potentially life-threatening viral infection

A

SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME (SARS)

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10
Q

caused by the_____________ family, the SARS
associated coronavirus (SARS CoV).

A

Coronaviridae

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11
Q

● Symptoms related with the lower respiratory tract
● Initially discovered in China
● Characterized by a phase of cytokine storms

A

SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME (SARS)

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12
Q

What are the SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF SARS?

A

● Fever 38 °C
● Fatigue
● Headaches
● Chills
● Myalgias
● Malaise
● anorexia

Less common features include the following:
- Sputum production
- Sore throat
- Coryza
- Nausea and vomiting -Dizziness
- Diarrhea

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13
Q

Stage 2 is the lower respiratory tract phase and is
characterized by:

A

● Dry cough
● Dyspnea
● Progressive hypoxemia in many cases
● Respiratory failure that requires mechanical
ventilation

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14
Q

What are the DIAGNOSTIC TESTS for SARS?

A

● PULSE OXIMETRY

● BLOOD CULTURES

● SPUTUM GRAM STAIN AND CULTURE
- To lure out other infection

●VIRAL RESPIRATORY PATHOGEN TEST- influenza test A and
B viruses and respiratory syncytial virus
- Lure out types of viral infection

● LEGIONELLA AND PNEUMOCOCCAL URINARY ANTIGEN

● WBC-decreased
●Mild hyponatremia and hypokalemia
●Elevated lactate dehydrogenase alanine
aminotransferase and hepatic transaminase
●Elevated creatine kinase level -Serum antibodies to
SARS-CoV in single serum specimen
●RT-PCR (reverse transcriptase polymerase chain
reaction)

●CHEST REDIOGRAPH - interstitial infiltrates

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15
Q

MEDICAL MANAGEMENT for SARS:

A

● CORTICOSTEROIDS
- Decrease mucus production
● ANTIVIRAL AGENTS (Ribavirin)
● PROTEASE INHIBITORS (Lopinavir, Ritonavir)
● INTERFERON
● MONOCLONAL ANTIBOIDES- emergency prophylaxis,
neutralizes virus activity in vitro and in vivo *
Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG)
● NITRIC OXIDE
● GLYCYRRHIZIN - inhibits vitro replication of the virus
● VACCINE- phase 1 clinical trial 2004

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16
Q

What is the ETIOLOGIC AGENT of SWINE FLU (H1N1)?

A

INFLUENZA A VIRUS SUBTYPE H1N1

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17
Q

What is the MODE OF TRANSMISSION of SWINE FLU (H1N1)?

A

CLOSE AND DIRECT CONTACT WITH INFECTED PERSON

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18
Q

What is the INCUBATION PERIOD of SWINE FLU (H1N1)?

Study These Flashcards
A

ranges from 1 to 4 days with an average
of 2 days up to 7 days

19
Q

-It is a type A influenza virus that affects pigs.
-It can pass to humans through contact or air contamination

Study These Flashcards
A

SWINE FLU (H1N1)

20
Q

What are SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS of SWINE FLU?

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A

-COUGH
-FEVER
-SORE THROAT
-STUFFY OR RUNNY NOSE
-BODY ACHE
-HEADACHES
-CHILLS
-FATIGUE

21
Q

What are DIAGNOSTIC TESTS for SWINE FLU?

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A

-PCR
-RAPID ANTIGEN OR ANTIBODY IMMUNOASSAYS
-VIRAL CULTURE

22
Q

What is the MEDICAL AND TREATMENT MANAGEMENT for SWINE FLU?

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A

● Antipyretic
● Analgesics
● Increased fluid consumption
● Bedrest
● Antiviral agents (Oseltamivir/ Zanamivir
● Isolation
● Vaccination - Influenza virus vaccine trivalent
(Fluzone, Flucelvax)
● Influenza virus quadrivalent (Afluria Quadrivalent,
Fluarix)

23
Q

What is the PREVENTION AND PRECAUTION for SWINE FLU?

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A

● Seek medical care if suspected with H1N1
● Isolate patient immediately in a negative pressure
air handling
● Wash hands frequently
● Wear face mask
● Social distancing or avoid large gatherings
● Routine cleaning and disinfection
● Pre-exposure prophylaxis

24
Q

What is the MODE OF TRANSMISSION of EBOLA VIRUS?

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A

Direct contact with blood or bloody fluids, objects of a person infected with ebola and infected animals.

25
What is the INCUBATION PERIOD of EBOLA VIRUS?
2 to 21 days after exposure to Ebola, but the average is 8 to 10 days.
26
What are the SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS of EBOLA VIRUS?
● Fever ● Severe headache ● Muscle pain ● Weakness ● Lack of appetite Internal bleeding ● Fatigue ● Diarrhea ● Vomiting ● Abdominal pain ● Unexplained hemorrhage
26
What is the MEDICAL MANAGEMENT of EBOLA VIRUS?
● Symptoms of Ebola and complications are treated as they appear → Palliative Care ● Provide intravenous fluids and balancing electrolytes in the body ● Maintain oxygen status and blood pressure → There is hemorrhagic bleeding, so if there is blood loss we need to monitor oxygen stat & bp. ● Treat other infections if they occur. ● ERVEBO - First US FDA approved vaccine (December 2019)
26
What are the DIAGNOSTICS TESTS for EBOLA VIRUS?
Within a few days after symptoms begin: - Antigen-capture enzyme-linked - immunosorbent assay (ELISA) testing - lgm ELISA - Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) - Virus isolation Later in disease course or after recovery ● IgM and IgG antibodies Retrospectively in deceased patients ● Immunohistochemistry testing ● PCR ● Virus isolation
26
● also known as benign prostatic hyperplasia ● proliferation of the cellular elements of the prostate.
BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY
26
How to PREVENT EBOLA VIRUS?
● Practice careful hygiene ● Do not handle items that may have come in contact with an infected person's blood or body fluids ● Isolate patients with Ebola from other patients. ● Practice proper infection control and sterilization measures ● Wear appropriate personal protective equipment ● Notify health officials if had direct contact with blood or body fluids of a person who is sick with Ebola
27
What are the CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS of BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY?
● Urinary frequency ● Urinary urgency ● Nocturia ● Hesitancy ● Incomplete bladder emptying Straining ● Decreased force of urine stream ● Dribbling
27
What are the RISK FACTORS of BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY?
-AGING PROCESS -HORMONAL IMBALANCE (estrogen, androgen)
27
What is the MEDICAL MANAGEMENT for BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY?
● PHARMACOLOGIC MANAGEMENT: ● Terazosin (Hytrin) - A1-adrenergic receptor blocker. Relaxes bladder sphincter. ● Finasteride (Proscar) - Inhibits 5-alpha red. Reduction of glandular hyperplasia ● Balloon dilation - To relax smooth muscle of the bladder neck and prostate ● Immediate catheterization ● Watchful waiting - To monitor disease progression
27
What are the DIAGNOSTIC TESTS for BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY?
● Digital rectal examination ● Urinalysis ● Urine culture ● Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) Serum electrolytes ● Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) ● Ultrasonography (patient w/ full bladder) ● Endoscopy of the lower urinary tract ● Cystoscopy ● Renal biopsy
28
What is the SURGICAL MANAGEMENT for BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY?
● TURP (Transurethral Resection of the Prostate) ● Open prostatectomy ● Transurethral incision of the prostate (TUIP) ● Transurethral microwave therapy (TUMT) ● Transurethral needle ablation of the prostate (TUNA) ● Prostatic stents ● Laparoscopic prostatectomy
29
What is the NURSING MANAGEMENT POST-OPERATIVE for BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY?
● Increase oral intake of client ● Maintain patency of continuous bladder irrigation (cystoclysis) ● Practice asepsis ● Use sterile saline to prevent water intoxication ● Prevent thrombophlebitis ● Monitor for bleeding ● Post removal of catheter- observe for urinary retention ● Teach Kegel's exercises ● Avoid giving client anticholinergic agents ● Instruct client to avoid the following after discharge: ● Vigorous exercises ● Heavy lifting ● Straining ● Prolonged sitting and standinG ● Crossing the legs
30
an Infection of the female reproductive organ
PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE (PID)
31
What is the ETIOLOGIC AGENT of PID?
POLYMICROBIAL, but the common pathogens are -N. Gonorrhoea and -Chlamydia
32
What are the RISK FACTORS of PID?
● Having sex under 25 yrears old ● Multiple partners ● Sex without any protections (condoms) ● Recently having intrauterine device (IUD) infected = foreign body can cause infection ● Douching ● History of pelvic inflammatory disorder
33
What are the CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS of PID?
● Asymptomatic until infection become severe Additional Notes: some women with PID don’t have symptoms, they are called asymptomatic until the infection becomes severe ● Pain in lower abdomen (most common symptom) ● Pain in pelvic area ● Fever (temp above 38 °C = fever is sign of infection) ● Painful sex ● Painful urination ● Irregular bleeding ● Increased of foul smelling vaginal discharges ● Tiredness ● Vomiting ● Fainting
34
What are the DIAGNOSTIC TESTS for PID?
● Pelvic examination ● Cervical culture ● Urine test ● Pelvic ultrasound ● Endometrial biopsy ● Laparoscopy
35
What is the MEDICAL MANAGEMENT for PID?
(common brand named antibiotics) ● Azithromycin ● Cephalosporin ● Ceftriaxone ● Doxycycline ● Clindamycin ● Metronidazole ● Unasyn ● Probenecid
36
What are the LONG TERM COMPLICATION of PID?
● Infertility ● Ectopic pregnancy:occurs when a fertilized egg implants and grows outside the main cavity of the uterus. ● Chronic pelvic pain ● Tubo-ovarian abscess
37
How to PREVENT PID?
● Teach client to practice safe sex (condom or abstain) ● Screen for sexually transmitted infections ● Avoid douches Additional Notes: ○ Normal flora of vaginal discharges = Lactobacilli which helps fight off infections. ○ Lactic acid it produces also acts as a chemical barrier. ○ Too much douching = flora may also be killed or disappear. ● Teach clients to wipe from front to back after - wiping back to front may spread bacteria from anus to vagina and urethra which can lead to infection

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