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vt16 urinary system study guide Flashcards

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1
Q

urine is formed in what three steps

A

filtration, reabsorption, and secretion

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2
Q

filtration involves what

A

the transfer of soluble components such as water and waste from the blood into the glomerulus.

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3
Q

reabsorption involves what

A

the absorption of molecules, ions, and water that are necessary for the body to maintain homeostasis from the glomerular filtrate back into the blood

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4
Q

secretion involves what

A

the transfer of hydrogen ions, creatinine, and drugs from the blood into the collecting duct

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5
Q

what is urine

A

A liquid excrement consisting of water, salts, and urea, which is made in the kidneys then released through the urethra.

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6
Q

what is the glomerular filtrate

A

At the beginning of the nephron, the glomerulus is a network or a tuft of capillaries that performs the first step of filtering blood.

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7
Q

what is the glomerulus

A

A small, intertwined group of capillaries within nephrons of the kidney that filter the blood to make urine

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8
Q

filtration in detail

A

During filtration, blood enters the afferent arteriole and flows into the glomerulus where filterable blood components such as water and nitrogenous waste will move towards the inside of the glomerulus, and nonfilterable components such as cells will exit via the efferent arteriole. These filterable components accumulate in the glomerulus to form the glomerular filtrate.

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9
Q

reabsorption in detail

A

The next step is reabsorption, during which molecules and ions will be reabsorbed back into the circulatory system. What remains in the glomerulus after this process has taken place is known as the tubular fluid and this is what will pass through to the collecting duct to form urine.

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10
Q

secretion in detail

A

During secretion, some substances such as hydrogen ions, creatinine, and drugs will be removed from blood through the peritubular capillary network into the distal convoluted tubule, or collecting duct. The end product of all these processes is urine; a collection of substances that has not been reabsorbed during glomerular filtration or tubular reabsorbtion

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11
Q

the basic functional unit of the kidney responsible for removing wastes from the blood and producing urine

A

nephron

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12
Q

what are the 2 principal parts of the nephron

A

renal corpuscle , renal tubule

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13
Q

which of the 2 parts composing the nephron filters the blood plasma

A

renal corpuscle

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14
Q

which of the 2 parts composing the nephron converts the filtrate to urine

A

renal tubule

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15
Q

what are the four regions of the renal tubule

A

proximal convoluted tubules, loop of henle, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct

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16
Q

List the flow of fluid from the point where the glomerular filtrate is formed to the point where urine leaves the body:

A

Bowman capsule, Proximal convoluted tubule, Loop of Henle, Distal convoluted tubule, Collecting duct, Papillary duct, minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra

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17
Q

an enzyme that activates hormonal mechanisms for restoring blood pressure is called

A

renin

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18
Q

bowmans capsule

A

pick up material pushed out of the glomerous

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19
Q

capillaries

A

add toxins and drugs to proximal tubules pick up all the usefull things abosorbed out of the tubule

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20
Q

distal tubule

A

takes back water, salt, and other drugs as needed

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21
Q

collecting tubule

A

carries filtrate to kidney pelvis , is told to reabsorb water by ADH

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22
Q

ascending tubule

A

salt is reabsorbed

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23
Q

descending

A

water is reabsorbed

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24
Q

proximal tubule

A

useful things are reabsorbed into the blood

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25
renal corpuscle
``` glomerulus + bowmans capsule located in renal cortex blood filtered through fenestrationsn in capillary walls of glomerulus into bowmans capsule filtered fluid is glomerular filtrate ```
26
proximal convoluted tubule
located in renal cortex continuation of bowmans capsule lined with cuboidal epithelium with microvilli fluid is now tubular filtrate
27
loop of henle
descends into medulla , U turn , back into cortex | ascending and descending LOH lined with cuboidal epithelium and microvilli
28
collecting duct
1st site of action of ADH regulation of electrolytes acid/base balance fluid is now urine
29
where in the nephron does most of the reabsorption occur
proximal convoluted tubule
30
what is the path of blood flow through the kidneys
renal artery enters kidney at hilus divides into smaller arteries then arteioles afferant arteriole ; carries blood to a glomerulis glomerular capillaries filter plasma out of blood into the bowmans capsule efferent arterioles receives blood from glomerulus supplies cells of nephron with oxygen
31
blood flow though kidney continued
peritubular capillaries exchange H2O and dissolved substances with PCT, DCT, and LOH via tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion peritibular capillaries converge into venules thrn renal vein leaves kidney at hilus joins caudal vena cava
32
tubular reabsorption
substances taken out of capillaries and put back into tubules
33
tubular secretion
substances secreted from tubular filtrate into peritubular capillaries
34
path of filtrate flow through kidneys
blood pressure forces plasma out of glomerular capillaries into Bowmans capsule fenestrations in capillary endothelium blood pressure higher than any other capillaries in body glomerular filtration rate reabsorption ; electrolytes continued
35
process of reabsorption in filtration of blood
pumped out of filtrate into tubular epithelial cell via carrier proteins another carrier protein on other side of cell pump ions out into interstitial fluid ions diffuse peritubular capillaries through fenestrations
36
sodium role in filtration of blood
usually exchanged for hydrogen, potassium, amonia, etc | sodium co transport; glucose and amino acids attach to some carrier protein and follow sodium
37
calcium role in filtration of blood
increased parathyroid hormone (PTH) increased reabsorption of calcium increased calcitonin increased secretion of calcium
38
magneium role in filtration of blood
increased parathyroid hormone (PTH) increased reabsorption of magnesium
39
chloride role in filtration of blood
diffuses from filtrate after sodium | repelled by net charge becoming less positive
40
molecules role in blood filtration
water leaves tubular lumen by osmosis in response to blank of molecules and ions other molecules leave tubular lumen via diffusion when concentration exceeds the serum concentration
41
secretion role in blood filtration
primarily occurs in distal convoluted tubule wastes not filtered out of glomerular capillaries some drugs excess electrolytes
42
what is the function of aldosterone
stimulates elevated retention of sodium, | increased retention of sodium cause increased retention of water , increased volume, increased pressure
43
function of ADH
(antidiaretic hormone)The single most important effect of antidiuretic hormone is to conserve body water by reducing the loss of water in urine. A diuretic is an agent that increases the rate of urine formation. Injection of small amounts of antidiuretic hormone into a person or animal results in antidiuresis or decreased formation of urine, and the hormone was named for this effect.
44
how does an animal control urination
(micturation) full bladder activates stretch receptors, stretch reflex causes contraction of smooth muscle of bladder pressure gives animal sensation of needing to urinate voluntary control of sphincter results in urination control
45
how much of the nutrients in the glomerular filtrate should be absorbed in a healthy animal
???
46
which hormones does the kidneys produce
erythropoeitin (EPO) , renin , calcitriol
47
which hormones effect the kidney
Erythropoietin is produced by the kidney and acts on bone marrow to stimulate the production of mature red blood cells. The kidneys also produce prostaglandins. Renin is an enzyme produced by the kidneys that plays an important role in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone hormonal system.
48
hoe are the glomerular capillaries different from the bodies other capillaries
. Located between 2 arterioles 2. Have a ow vascular resistance within the capillary limen 3. High filtration rate
49
what is the normal pH range for canine/ feline urine
5.5-7.0?
50
normal pH for herbivores
8-9?
51
where are casts fromed
Urine casts are cylindrical, cigar-shaped bodies that represent molds or "casts" of the lumen of the renal tubule in which they were formed. The common matrix of all casts is a mucoprotein known as Tamm-Horsfall protein which is secreted by the renal tubule at a fairly constant rate.
52
what is urine specific gravity
Urinary specific gravity (SG) is a measure of the concentration of solutes in the urine. It measures the ratio of urine density compared with water density and provides information on the kidney's ability to concentrate urine. A urinary specific gravity measurement is a routine part of urinalysis.
53
how is specific gravity measured
with refractometer canine normal values 1.018-1.045 feline normal values 1.020-1.040
54
what are considered normal amounts of WBCs in voided urine , catheterized, cystocentesis
?
55
what are considered normal amounts of RBCs in voided urine , catheterized, cystocentesis
?
56
what are considered the normal amounts of epithelial cells in voided urine , catheterized, cystocentesis
?
57
which method of urine collection gives the most accurate representation of the state of the urinary system
cystocentesis
58
how are urinary catheters inserted into male canines
Placement of urethral catheters is easy in male dogs with the penis extended and the prepuce held out of the way. Resistance is felt at the base of the os penis and as the catheter curves around the perineal area. The catheter should be advanced just far enough to place the tip of the catheter at the entrance of the bladder and allow good urine flow. Placement of urethral catheters in female dogs may be accomplished by digital palpation, by use of a vaginoscope or otoscope, or by blindly "sliding" the catheter along the ventral floor of the vagina until it "drops into" the urethral orifice. Some small female dogs, or those with painful conditions, will need sedation or short-term anesthesia.
59
how are urinary catheters placed in male felines
Placement of urethral catheters requires sedation or anesthesia in cats. Following sedation of a male cat, I usually place them in dorsal or lateral recumbency to facilitate passage of the urethral catheter. The urethra of male cats has a small flexure located at the ischial arch. Placing them on their back allows you to straighten out the urethra by pulling the penis upwards (toward you) or caudally and dorsally towards the tail. Catheterizing female cats is accomplished in a manner similar to female dogs except that it also requires sedation or anesthesia.
60
how common are urinary catheters performed
?
61
urinary catheterization and cystocentesis can cause false positives for what?
?
62
how are urinary catheters placed on male canines
?
63
adh
plays main role in regulating urine volume
64
ammonium biurate forms in what pH
slightly acidic, neutral,alkaline
65
amorphous phosphate
neutral, alkaline
66
amorphous urates
acidic, neutral
67
bilirubin
acidic
68
calcium carbonate
neutral, alkaline
69
calcium oxalate monohydrate
acidic, neutral, alkaline
70
cystine
neutral to acidic
71
leucine
acidic
72
triple phophate
slightly acidic, neutral, alkaline
73
tyrosine
acidic
74
uric acid
acidic
75
what is the normal gross appearance of canine/feline urine
light yellow to amber transparent or clear odor is not strong
76
normal gross appearance of herbivore urine
due to high amounts of calcium carbonate crystals urine appears milky
77
what does myoglobinuria cause
rhabdomyolysis, muscle destruction, common in horses , causing brown urine
78
what does hematuria look like
red or redbrown urine due to presence of RBCs
79
hemaglobinuria looks like
red or red brown due to presence of hemoglobin
80
if patient had cystitis what would one expect to observe in the urinalysis
hematuria
81
most common cause of pyelonephritis
ascending infection, stones impede normal flow, ectopic ureters
82
most common cause of glomerulonephritis canines
``` idiopathic neoplasia systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) infectious dz heartworm pyometa etc congenital ```
83
most common cause of glomerulonephritis felines
FeLV FIV FIP neoplasia systemc inflamatory dz
84
clinical signsn associated with chronic kidney dz
PU/PD, anorexia, cachexia, vomiting, dehydration, oral ulcers, hypertension
85
chronic kidney dz laboratory abnormailities observed
``` not seen until 2/3 renal function lost elevated BUN decreased urine specific gravity non regenerative anemia metabolic acidosis proteinuria ```
86
with chronic kidney dz what sequelae can occur
?
87
what is urolithiasis
The process of forming stones in the kidney, bladder, and/or urethra (urinary tract).
88
polyuria
increased volume of urination
89
polydipsia
increased water consumption
90
pollakiuria
increased frequency of urination
91
oliguria
low output of urine
92
anuria
no urine production
93
stranguria
slow painful urination
94
dyuria
painful difficult urination
95
hematuria
blood in urine
96
pyuria
pus in urine
97
hemoglobinuria
hemoglobin in urine
98
glucosuria
glucose in urine
99
when is glucosinuria observed
when elevated blood glucose is present | untreated diabetes mellatus
100
what other abnormailty is seen in urinalysis of patient with glucosinuria
false elevation of urine sg
101
ketonuria
indicates excess fat metabolism deficiency in carbohydrate metabolism commonly seen together with glucose urea
102
what causes acute kidney injury
exposure to nephrotoxin (ethylene glycol, aminoglycoside, NSAIDs) intrarenal (GRAPES raisins)
103
lboratory abnormalities seen with acute kidney injury
increasd BUN , metabolic acidosis, impaired reabsorption of bicarbonate impaired secretion of acids hyperkalemia trasitional epithelial cells granular cellular casts
104
which drugs are exclusively in the treatment of ethylene glycol toxicity
induction of emesis activated charcoal fluid therapy canines- fomipezole iv over 36 h felines- ethanol iv CRI
105
treatment of choice for prostatitis
castration | in breeding finasteride
106
what is special about diets for patients with renal dz
must have low protein
107
what must be monitored in a patient on a phenylproplanolamine whats drug used for
blood pressure | used to tighten urine sphincter to prvent urine leakage
108
how can client prevent FLUTD
daily activity, continuous access to fresh water, use of medications, antibiotics, means provided to perform proper urination , routine examinations correct diets
109
what does diuretic do
encourage diuresis by increasing volume of urina and increase release of water fromt tissues
110
difference between loop and potassium diuretic
loop-block reabsorption ofo Na Cl Ca Mg HCO at loop of henle potassium- increases Na secretion and K reabsorption in distal convoluted tubules by interfering with action of aldosterone
111
how is chronic kidney dz treated
maintenance of hydration constant access to fresh water daily SC fluids canned diet
112
what is diethylstilbesterol used for | uncommon but serious adverse effect
hormone responsive incontinence 1st choice in old female canines bone marrow suppression
113
what do ace inhibitors do what are they used to treat
block the conversion of angiotensin i to angiotensin ii used to treat hypertension
114
what type of drug is methionine
urolith dissolution drug
115
potassium citrate
urinary alkalinizers
116
allopurinol
amonium burate urolith prevention

vt16 urinary system (3 decks)

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