VTNE Study Guide Flashcards by Melody Billington

What organ is the primary site of drug metabolism?

Liver

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What disease is characterized by impaired carbohydrates, protein, and fat metabolism with insulin deficiency?

Diabetes mellitus

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What scissors are used for most soft tissue dissection?

Metzenbaum scissors

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Which retractor is made of thin metal that is easily bent and used for retracting abdominal and thoracic organs?

Malleable retractor

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When doing an enclosed extraction, a flap with two releasing incisions is called?

Pedicle flap

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What parasite has egg packets that contain 20 to 30 individual hexacanth embryos and has the flea as the intermediate host?

Dipylidium caninum or tapeworm

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What is the definition of cylindruria?

Increased number of casts in the urine

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What is the inability to breathe without the patient being in an upright position?

Orthopnea

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What is the humidity range that most captive reptile species respond to?

50-70% with jungle species being higher and desert species being lower

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How thick should the lead apron, gloves, and thyroid shield be to ensure good protection from secondary and scatter radiation?

0.5 mm

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What is helical scan mode on a CT scanner?

When the xray tube turns 360 degrees around the patient while the patient bed moves through the gantry

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When horses are administered a benzodiazepine tranquilizer, they will experience?

Muscle fasciculations
Weakness
Mild ataxia
Skeletal muscle relaxation
Anticonvulsant activty
(appetite stimulation is only in cats)

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When the patient is in stage IV of anesthesia it will exhibit what symptoms?

Pupils widely dilated
Breathing stops
All reflexes are absent
The heart stops

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When an animal is giving birth vaginally what is the position that the fetus is in when the fetus is breech?

The fetus is in the posterior presentation and the hind legs are retained so that the rump of the fetus is presented first

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Which route of administration are you able to administer large volumes of fluids for slow absorption?

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What percent of the body is made up of water?

60%

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What are the indications for a blood transfusion?

Acute hemorrhage
Chronic anemia
Hemolytic anemia

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Opioids fall into what schedule of controlled drugs?

Schedule III

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According to Colorado State University pain scale a pain score of 4 has what signs?

Constantly groaning or screaming when unattended
Difficult to distract from pain
May react aggressively to palpation

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What is the purpose of Omeprazole?

antacid

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What barbiturate is more lipid soluble?

Thiopental which is a thiobarbiturate

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In what phase of wound healing does endothelin protein initially cause vasodilation?

Inflammation

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What is the purpose of a Robert Jones bandage?

To stabilize the joint below and above a fracture site while providing some bending and rotational stability

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What setting needs to be changed on a dental xray machine?

The time. Most dental xrays have fixed kvp and mA.

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What type of malocclusion does mandibular prognathism fall under

Class III Occlusion

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What two enzyme tests are performed in the clinic to assess liver function?

AST and ALT

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Which variation in rbc cell shape is seen as more darkly stained with reduce or no central pallor?

Spherocyte

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After urinary catheterization in a dog or cat, the patient is monitored for adequate urine output. How much urine should a normotensive, normovolemic patient with intact renal function produce in an hour?

1-2 ml/kg/hr

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What is the most important aspect of good venipuncture?

Proper restraint and proper distension and immobilization of the vessel

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How would you position the unaffected limb for a mediolateral view of the femur?

Flex the unaffected limb, adduct and pull laterally

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What contrast media is used exclusively for radiographic examination of the gi tract and can be administered either orally or rectally?

Barium sulfate

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What structures are bypassed when using a non-rebreathing circuit as compared to a rebreathing circuit?

Carbon dioxide canister, pressure manometer, and unidirectional valves

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What vital center in the body does anesthesia affect?

Central nervous system

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What are common causes of distributive shock?

sepsis, anaphylaxis, and neurogenic states

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What is the normal blood volume in dogs and cats?

Dogs 8-9% and Cats 6-7%

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What type of heart failure is diuretic therapy, particularly Furosemide, used to treat?

Congestive Heart Failure

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What is the common absorbent used in toxicity cases?

activated charcoal

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Butorphanol is used as an analgesic post-operatively to treat what type of pain?

Visceral pain

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What part of the pain pathway involves the sensory impulses being conducted to the spinal cord?

Transmission

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When should you never induce vomiting?

Unconscious animals, when easily evaporated liquids like gasoline have been ingested, or in an animal who may have ingested a linear foreign object

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What drug is commonly used in emergencies to treat status epilepticus?

Diazepam

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Which drains are gravity dependent

passive

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What is interdigital hyperplasia in cattle?

A thickening of the interdigital skin that causes a mass to protrude between the claws. AKA an interdigital fibroma or corn

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If left undisturbed plaque can form on teeth as quickly as?

24 hours

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A caudal crossbite is an example of this type of malocclusion?

Class 1

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What type of crystals appear in the urine of an animal that has been poisoned with ethylene glycol?

Calcium oxalate

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When performing a manual CBC, marked rouleaux formation is normal in the sample of what animal?

Horses

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What is the difference between vomiting and regurgitation?

Vomiting is the forceful expulsion of contents from the stomach and upper intestine, while regurgitation is the passive expulsion of material from the mouth, pharynx, or esophagus

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4 Facts about chemotherapeutic drugs

Have potential to cause defects in developing fetuses 2. Can be given IM, IV, and oral 3. No safe level of occupational exposure has been identified 4. Some IV chemotherapy agents can cause tissue necrosis if given outside the vein

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How should you position an animal for a mediolateral view of the femur

In lateral recumbency with the affected leg down

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If a film is too light but the anatomical features aren’t visible what should you do?

Increase kVp by 10-15%

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How often should artificial tears or other corneal lubricant be instilled in the eyes of an anesthetized patient undergoing a lengthy procedure?

every hour

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What is the most common reason for anesthetic emergencies?

Human error

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What is the very first thing a CVT should do if they suspect their patient has a chest injury?

Provide the patient with oxygen

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A concerned owner calls and says she suspects her cat is constipated. He has been lethargic, vocal, and straining in the litter box. Why should this cat be brought in immediately?

The cat most likely has a urethral obstruction

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What can grapes and raisins cause in dogs if ingested in high amounts/

Acute kidney failure

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What are common clinical signs of diabetes mellitus and ketoacidosis?

PU/PD; depression or lethargy; and acetone smell to breath

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What is the order of the steps of nociception?

Transduction, transmission, modulation, perception

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What are side effects of anti-inflammatory drugs?

Liver and renal toxicity, increased bleeding times, and GI ulceration

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Which class of abx is known for causing severe diarrhea which can result in death for guinea pigs, ferrets, hamsters, and rabbits if given orally?

Penicillins

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Which cyclooxygenase is very important for causing the secretion of stomach-protective mucus, maintaining blood supply to the stomach, and decreasing acid production that is not inhibited by selective NSAIDs like firocoxib

COX-1

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Which stage of anesthesia is your surgical patient in if he/she is struggling, vocalizing, and paddling right after receiving its premedication?

Stage 2

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What instrument measures pressure within a cuff and that is commonly used with a Doppler monitor?

Sphygomomanometer

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What is the correct dental formula for a rabbit?

2 (I 2/1 C 0/0 P 3/2 M 2-3/3)

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Tooth resporption, neck lesions, and cervical line lesions are very common in which species?

Feline

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What common feline parasite can infect an unborn fetus inside a woman and cause serious birth defects?

Toxoplasma gondii

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The next test you would perform to help identify the species of a bacteria which stained as a gram positive cocci would be?

Catalase

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You receive a call from a client of yours who is a dairy farmer that reports he has a cow that just went through partruition one hour ago and is now in sternal recumbency and is also having muscle tremors. Is this an emergency and what is the most likely cause?

Yes; Periparturient Hypocalcemia

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What vitamin do guinea pigs have to have supplemented in their diet because they do not synthesize it themselves normally?

Vitamin c

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Abdominal radiographs should be taken when the patient is at maximum?

Expiration

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What is used to provide dynamic real-time imaging of anatomical structures with a continuous beam of xrays?

Fluoroscopy

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Which inhalant anesthetic is considered to have the fewest adverse cardiovascular effects and is therefore considered to be the inhalant agent of choice for patients with cardiac disease?

Isoflurane

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What is an ultra short acting nonbarbiturate injectable anesthetic which is given IV for induction and short term maintenance of general anesthesia?

Propofol

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What type of shock is characterized by a decreased intravascular volume, usually caused by blood loss, third space loss, and/or excessive fluid loss through vomiting/diarrhea/dieresis?

Hypovolemic shock

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While checking your anesthetized patient you discover they have been given 3x the amount of fluids they should have what do you do?

Turn off fluid and consult with veterinarian while monitoring the patients respirations constantly

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What is the most common reproductive emergency for male dogs and cats and is characterized by an inability to retract their penis?

Paraphimosis

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A male cat comes into the clinic with stranguria, pollakiuria, and hematuria while also being restless, very vocal, and constantly grooming his urogenital area. What is the most common disorder?

Urinary obstruction

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Detecting by the nervous system of the potential for or the actual occurrence of tissue injury is called

nociception

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What class of analgesic medication decreases inflammation by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis and are commonly used to provide analgesia postoperatively and in patients with less severe or inflammatory pain?

NSAIDS

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To reduce intracranial pressure resulting in trauma, what can be administered every 4-8 hours?

Mannitol

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GDV is a life threatening emergency. Its main damaging effect is the obstruction of what?

portal vein

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What do you measure to place a nasal oxygenation catheter?

Measure from the nose to the medial canthus of the eye

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What is an example of a colloid solution?

Hetastarch

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Using the triadan system, the proper way of describing the cat’s first lower molar is?

First molar is always 09

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Normal scissor occlusion is when the maxillary fourth premolars occlude?

level with the mandibular first molar

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What vitamins are water soluble?

B and C

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What are cecotrophs?

Nighttime rabbit feces that are covered in mucus to protect them from the acid pH of the stomach and are high in water, nitrogen, electrolytes, and vitamin B. Rabbits will often ingest these.

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Dalmations are the only species to excrete what in their urine?

uric acid

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Arterial blood is most commonly used for

Blood gas samples

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Overinflation of the lungs during artificial ventilation can cause what?

Ruptured alveoli or emphysema

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Your anesthetized patient is dyspneic. What do you do?

Turn down the vaporizer 2. Check the ET tube 3. Check the oxygen flow

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What does it mean when a drug has a narrow therapeutic range?

the effective and toxic doses are quite close to each other

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A cow is accidentally dosed with an equine dose of xylazine. What should be administered immediately?

Yohimbine

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What is the main purpose of the xray developer?

Reduce the silver halide in the film emulsion to metallic silver

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If using rare earth screens, what spectrum of light must the film be sensitive to?

Green

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What suture material persists in the body the longest?

Polypropylene

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What is the difference between an elective and non-elective procedure?

Elective are performed at the veterinarian and owners convenience. Non-elective must be done urgently and are usually on compromised animals

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Where in the pain pathway does secondary sensitization or “windup” occur?

Spinal cord

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Administering analgesics before tissue injury is known as

preemptive analgesia

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In what position should the elevator be used when extracting a tooth using vertical rotation?

Parallel to the root

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Healthy gingival flora is made up of what type of bacteria?

Gram positive aerobic bacteria

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What can cause leukopenia in critical small animal patients?

Patients undergoing chemotherapy
Patients with increased neutrophils and macrophages as well as decreased lymphocytes and eosinophils
Patients with bone marrow neoplasia, immune-mediated diseases, aplasia, and other degenerative disorders

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What part of the patient should be warmed first in trauma cases?

Body core

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What type of examination is echocardiography?

Non-invasive

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Caval syndrome can cause?

Hemoglobinuria

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WHat is the most profound adverse effect of opioids?

Respiratory depression

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What effect do mineralocorticoids have on the body?

Water and electrolyte balance in the body and no anti-inflammatory effect

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WHere in the body of the primary host is Dirofilaria immitis found?

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What is the prepatent period for Taenia pisiformis?

56 days

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Which type of orthopedic implant is the most resistant to corrosion?

Titanium

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Inadequate surgical preparation can do what?

inhibit surgical technique, increase risk for infection, and prolonged anesthesia

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What percentage of cats are diagnosed with myocardial disease?

80%

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Coughing is a common size of CHG in what species?

Dogs

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What must xrays be labeled with?

Clinic name and location; date; owners name; and patients name

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Xray film is sensitive to what?

Heat, light, and pressure

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An agent with a higher MAC is more or less potent than an agent with a low MAC?

High MAC is less potent

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Even though sevoflurane is perceived to be safer than isoflurane, it causes more of what?

Hypotension

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What species are more at risk for adverse effects after administration of NSAIDs?

Cats

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Which channel do the -caine local anesthetics use to block nerve transmission?

Sodium channel

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What is the inotrope and chronotrope of Cardiac Glycosides?

Positive inotrope and negative chronotrope

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Which 3 drugs are included in triple antibiotic topical ointment?

neomycin, polymyxin b, and bacitracin a

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Describe catgut suture

Natural, absorbable, and multifilament

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What is the recommended treatment for a feline with a closed pyometra?

OHE

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Describe a normal occlusion in a canine

Described as a scissor bite
Mandibular incisors rest on the palatal side of the maxillary incisors
First mandibular premolar fits midway between the maxillary canine and 1st premolar

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What is the most common treatment for feline tooth resorption?

tooth extraction

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Regenerative anemia is differentiated from non-regenerative anemia by the abundance of which cell type on the blood smear?

Reticulocytes

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Which parasite requires a fecal sedimentation to optimize recovery and examination of their ova?

Trematodes

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What is the most common use for distal limb bandages on a horse?

inflammation

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What is the usual method for diagnosing displaced abomasum in cattle?

percussion

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While ultrasounding a fluid filled bladder, the tissue on the far side of the bladder is hyperechoic. WHat is this an example of?

acoustic enhancement

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Which settings are recommended for thoracic radiographics?

High kVp, Low mAs

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What is the benefit of balance anesthesia?

Maximizes the benefits of each drug
Minimizes the adverse effects of each drug
Minimizes the volume of drugs used

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A common anesthetic problem encountered by brachycephalic dogs?

High tendency toward airway obstruction

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Describe hypovolemic shock?

a decrease in intravascular volume resulting in decreased venous return and ventricular filling

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Describe the trauma triad of death

acidosis, hypothermia, and coagulopathy

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Neuroleptanalgesia is a state of potent sedation achieved by combining which two drug categories?

opioids and tranquilizers

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When are analgesics contraindicated for pain?

always

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What arrythmia is described as a rapid disorganized contractions of the ventricles resulting in the inability of the heart to pump blood?

ventricle fibrillation

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What is a radiographic contrast study evaluating the urinary bladder?

cystography

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What drug is a centrally acting antitussive that is available by injection and oral forms?

butorphanol

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Although commonly used for pruritis this drug category can also be used as an antiemetic because they work by blocking input from the vestibular system to the chemoreceptor trigger zone?

antihistamines

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A patient begins to regurgitate while waking up from a surgery. WHat do you do?

Tell the vet, ensure the cuff of the ET tube is properly inflated, and tip the head down

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If buccal mm cannot be evaluated, what other areas of the body can be used to examine CRT?

genitals and conjunctiva of the eye

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AN animal is HBC. WHile another cvt is gathering history what is the first thing you assess?

Determine if an airway is present

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What protozoan is the reason pregnant women need to use caution while cleaning the litter box?

toxoplasmosis

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Are fleas species specific?

Yes but can carry other species

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A pt with CHF is presented for dehydration. What fluids do you get?

NaCl

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During induction of a 15 kg canine using a mask, what should the oxygen flow rate be set at?

3-5 L/min

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What stage/plane is your patient in if the HR and RR are elevated, the pupils are dilated, and the patient seems to be fighting the anesthesia?

Stage 2

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A non-rebreathing system uses (high or low) oxygen flow rate? This (increases or decreases) cost because of the amount of oxygen and anesthetic used?

High and increases

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Although IM injections are most commonly used, Ketamine can also be given in what route to fractious cats?

orally

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Providing analgesia before tissue injury is called?

preemptive analgesia

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Pain that is unidentifiable or of an unknown cause is

idiopathic

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What is the gestation period of a bovine?

283 days

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When are kittens typically weaned?

7-9 weeks

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When measuring central venous pressure, the tip of the central venous catheter must rest where?

vena cava

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How are rapid acting anesthetics better controlled?

continuous administration

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What is it called when you surgically make a cut into the chest wall?

Thoracotomy

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Which drug commonly causes post-operative hyperthermia?

Ketamine

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What instrument is used for supragingival scaling only?

Scaler

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Brachygnathism results in what?

Severe overbite

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A rise in BUN and CREAT indicates?

Renal disease

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What are irrelevant lab findings that are usually a result of the procedure itself?

artifact

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What is muscle atrophy

decreased muscle mass

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What is an isotonic solution?

a fluid with the same osmotic pressure as blood

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What is an artifact?

an insignificant mark on a radiograph

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WHat is the purpose of a dosimeter badge?

To monitor exposure to radiation

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What is the most common route of administration for insulin in diabetic patients?

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What is the purpose of atipamezole?

anesthetic reversal

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How is parvovirus spread?

Through infected feces

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If a patient is experiencing acute sinus bradycardia what should be considered first?

Drug intoxication

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Opisthotonus is most commonly seen in what kind of trauma?

Bunt trauma to head

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What is the cause of cardogenic pulmonary edema?

Heart dysfunction

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What is hyperalgesia?

Increased sensitivity to pain

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What is the first phase of nociception?

Transduction

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What is a narrow spectrum penicillin?

Penicillin G

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What is the function of an antiemetic?

To stop vomiting

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In what order do you drape a patient?

Quarter drapes, towel clamps, surgical drape

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What type of suture is not absorbable?

silk

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How many layers are there to the dental film packet?

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What is the duration of a dental block if lidocaine is used?

1.5- 2 hours

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What anticoagulant is in a blue top tube?

Citrate

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What is an oxidase test?

A test to identify bacteria containing the respiratory enzyme cytochrome oxidase

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The ribs should be what in an appropriate weight animal?

Felt but not seen

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What are examples of a fearful animal?

Head low, painting, lips pulled back, urination, defecation, release of anal glands

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What is focal film distance?

The distance between the target in the xray tube and the surface of the xray detector

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What does radiographic density refer to?

The degree of blackness in the film

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Is nystagmus relevant as a monitoring tool?

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The term atelectasis refers to what?

Collapsed alveoli

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A slow capillary refill time is suggestive of what?

Poor perfusion

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Which drug is used to increase contractility of the heart?

Dopamine

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What type of insulin would you use as an emergency dose?

Regular

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Lateral strabismus may be observed after what ocular emergency?

Proptosis

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Pain control in the surgical patient should be available during which stages of the hospitalization of a patient

All stages

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What class of drug is morphine?

opioid

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What are some examples of NSAIDs?

Meloxicam, caprofen, deracoxib

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Which drug can be used to induce vomiting?

Histamine

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What are examples of elective surgery?

spay, castration, declaw

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What is the medical term for abdominal incision?

celiotomy

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Which animal’s teeth are considered to be hyspodont?

Horses

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What are examples of malocclusion?

brachygnathism, prognathism, mesioclusion

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Which tapeworm lays egg packets that look like grains of rice in fecal material?

Dipylidium caninum

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What is a soft tick?

Otobius megnini or spinose ear tick

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What are the five freedoms of animal welfare?

FREEDOM FROM HUNGER AND THIRST.
FREEDOM FROM DISCOMFORT.
FREEDOM FROM PAIN, INJURY OR DISEASE.
FREEDOM TO EXPRESS NORMAL BEHAVIOR.
FREEDOM FROM FEAR AND DISTRESS.

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What are common signs of small bowel diarrhea?

melena, weight loss, increased volume of feces

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What does DICOM stand for?

Digital imaging and communications in medicine

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What does mAs stand for?

Milliamperage per second

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What is the main reason for Guaifenesin in an induction protocol in horses?

muscle relaxation

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What protocol would result in the fastest induction time and the best control over anesthetic depth?

IV induction with an ultra-short acting agent and maintenance with an inhalant

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While monitoring a patient on an anesthetic machine, you realize that the oxygen tank has become empty. The best thing would be to:

Disconnect the patient from the circuit, put on a new oxygen tank, and then reconnect the patient to the circuit

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Brain damage may occur when there is inadequate oxygenation of the tissues for the longer than?

4 minutes

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A dog that has liver dysfunction may be hypoproteinemic and therefore requires ____________ for induction compared with that needed for a normal dog?

less barbiturate

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Tachyarrythmias in the cat are best treated with

propanolol

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What NSAID is known to increase bleeding times?

Ketoprofen

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What is an anesthetic plan that includes multimodal analgesic therapy?

dexmedetomidine, morphine, ketamine

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The __________ starts at the SA node and ends at the AV node

P wave

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The _________ represents atrial depolarization

P wave

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In monitoring anesthesia, Doppler blood pressure monitors are relatively inexpensive and provide what readings?

Systolic blood pressure

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Pulse oximetry measures

hemoglobin saturation and heart rate

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What is a small protein produced by the liver and acts as a sponge to hold water in the blood vessels?

Albumin

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A low ________ can be seen with liver disease and an increase _________ is seen with kidney disease.

BUN/BUN

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All drugs absorbed by the intestines pass through the ________ before entering the systemic circulation

liver

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An injectable drug in lipophilic form that is slowly absorbed giving sustained effective drug concentrations is called

repository

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A rule of thumb for treat or snack allowance is what percent of the daily energy intake?

10%

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What is the primary energy source in livestock rations?

Carbohydrates

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What is an agent of preventing infection by inhibiting the growth of infectious agents when applied to living tissues?

antiseptic

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Celiotomy is a surgical incision into the

abdominal cavity

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What scalers are used for supragingival removal of calculus? THey should not be inserted below the gumline.

Hand

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To perform the _________ block, retract the lip dorsally and palpate just dorsal to the distal root of the maxillary third premolar

rostral maxillary

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What is dystocia?

when a bitch experiences prolonged gestation and can be characterized as active straining for more than 60 minutes without delivery of the fetus

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What is paraphomosis?

the inability to retract the penis within the prepuce

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What type of history do you get if dystocia is suspected?

normal history and obstetric

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What breeds of dogs are dystocias often seen in?

Large heads and wide shoulders

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What does it mean when a drug reduces the seizure threshold?

The drug will increase the frequency of the seizure that an animal will have

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What do NSAIDS stand for?

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

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What does the vaporizer on an anesthetic machine do?

Convert a liquid anesthetic such as isoflurane or sevoflurane to a gaseous state and to add controlled amounts of this vaporized anesthetic to the carrier gases

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What are the three drugs in a triple dip?

ketamine, xylazine, guaifenesin

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What are the four regional dental blocks for dental procedures?

Rostral maxillary
caudal maxillary
rostral mandibular
caudal mandibular

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What view is the parallel technique used for in dental radiology?

Caudal mandibular

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What do increased numbers in neutrophils indicate?

INfection or inflammation

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A coon hound that hunts rabbits and ducks has strange white pieces in his feces and is losing weight. What is the most likely parasite?

Taenia pisiformis

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A dachshund leaps off the couch and now is acting paralyzed but still has deep pain response in her hind end. What is the most likely cause?

Intervertebral disc disease

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What is the most common stifle injury in a dog?

Cruciate ligament rupture

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What are the borders for a lateral thoracic view of a dog?

The thoracic inlet to the first lumbar vertebrae

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What are the borders of the ventrodorsal abdominal view in a cat?

T9 vertebrae cranially to the greater trochanter caudally to include the coxofemoral joints

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What is the normal respiratory rate of a dog and cat under anesthesia?

8-20 bpm

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What is the ideal reflex to test for anesthetic depth if the face is unavailable to use?

pedal reflex

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What are the 3 forms of heart failure?

Forward or low output fialure
Congestive failure
Combo of lower output and congestive

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What are the four different forms of shock?

hypovolemic
cardiogenic
obstructive
distributive

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What is the definition of thrombopathia and what patients is it seen in?

A function defect noted in patients with a history of bleeding

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What does the cardiovascular emergency FATE stand for?

Feline Aortic Thromboembolism

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What is nociception?

The perception of pain

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What are the phases of nociception?

Transmission, transduction, modulation

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What class of drug is xylazine?

Alpha 2

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4.5% solution is how many mgs/ml?

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What is the dental formula of an adult dog?

2 (3/3I, 1/1C, 4/4PM, 2/3M)

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What is the triden number for the right mandibular canine tooth on an adult cat?

404

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What piece of equipment is appropriate to examine eyes with?

Opthalmascope

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The abbreviation ID indicates which route of administration?

Intra-dermal

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What radiographic quality does KvP control?

Contrast

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If the bones on your film appear as grey, what corrective steps should be taken?

Increase KVP

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What is included in the triad of anesthesia?

Analgeisa, unconsciousness, muscle relaxation

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What monitoring device measures end title CO2

Capnometer

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What are steps of a triage process?

Recognize
Assess
Act
Reasess

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What is the common treatment for an elevated temperature?

Administer fluids

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What is the main goal of shock therapy?

Improve oxygen delivery

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When triaging patients which is the most immediate surgery?

Seizures

What drug is the most potent analgesic?

Fentanyl

Which drug class is not reversible?

NSAID

What does CRTZ stand for?

Chemoreceptor Trigger Zone

Which drug would best treat lyme disease?

Tetracycline

What are the types of penetrating towel clamps?

Roeder, Jones, and Backhaus

Items that are electric, fiberoptic, plastic, rubber, or other similar materials cannot be _____________ sterilized.

Steam

The dental formula in a lagomorph is

2 x (I2/1, C0/0, P 3/2, M2-3/3)

Mandibular prognathism is a ________ occlusion

Class III

A left shift is?

Increased number of immature neutrophils in the blood

Lead poisoning can cause

basophilic stippling

If using milk replacers for foals, make sure they are prepared correctly because of high_________ content which can be difficult for the foal to digest

salt

Double contrast procedures are utilized to view which body part?

Organs

When taking a right lateral abdominal view, the cranial and caudal borders are?

T7 and the greater trochanter

Pulse oximeter measures?

Saturation of hemoglobin

Nystagmus is commonly seen in which animal during anesthesia?

Horse

Pulmonary contusions are caused by

blunt force trauma

Uveitis can cause

Blepharospasm, hypopyon and miosis

The toxin found in chocolate that effects dogs and cats is

theobromine

Onions are toxic in this form?

Raw, cooked, or dehydrated

Morphie is classes as an?

Opioid

Pain originating from the organs is called:

visceral

What is the only approved aulticide available in treatment of heartworm disease?

melarsomine dihydrochloride

Aminoglycosides significant adverse effects to be aware of include:

Ototoxicosis and nephrotoxicosis

The suture needle point used for suturing an organ like liver and kidney

Blunt

Which tissue heals more slowly and requires the use of nonabsorbable suture?

Tendon

The bisecting angle technique is used in which of the areas of the mouth?

rostral maxilla, rostral mandible, caudal maxilla

(parallel is used for posterior mandible)

The dental formula for the adult cat is

2 (3/3I, 1/1C 3/2P, 1/1M)

Normal horses have which urinary crystal in their urine?

Calcium carbonate

Exposure of urine to UV light, may cause deterioration of

Bilirubin

Common signs of catheter related phlebitis include

pitting edema

SQ fluids are contraindicated in which of the following?

severe dehydration or shock

The machine setting that has the greatest influence on radiographic contrast is

Kilovoltage

Barium sulfate is contraindicated

if bowel perforation is suspected

What is the most common acid-base abnormality in anesthetized patients?

Respiratory alkalosis

An animal under stage III, plane 2 of anesthesia would exhibit which of the following signs

regular respiration and relaxed skeletal muscle tone

Closed chest compressions are often effective in

animals with pneumothorax

Hyperkalemia is often a feature of which emergency disease?

urethral obstruction

What is most common complication with rodenticide ingestion?

Hemorrhage

The drug most commonly used to treat asystole during CPCR

Epinephrine

The most commonly used NSAID in large animals is

Phenylbutazone and flunixin meglumine

The stinging sensation caused by injection of local anesthetics, can be reduced by adding a small amount of _________ to the local agent.

Sodium bicarbonate

What class of antibiotics can cause yellow discoloration of teeth due to calcium binding?

Tetracyclines

Who controls the veterinary vaccines?

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

This local anesthetic has a 4-8 minute onset of action and 6-10 hour duration of action

bupivacaine

Tooth resorptions are first discovered on what part of the tooth?

Neck

What is preemptive analgesia?

Administering analgesics before surgery decreases analgesic requirements and minimizes CNS sensitization

What two drugs can be used for an epidural for surgical analgesia and immobilization?

lidocaine and bupivacaine

How often should you apply eye lube into the eyes of an anesthetized patient?

every hour

How often should you turn a recovering patient to prevent pooling of blood in the lung and tissue?

Every 10-15 minutes

What equine vaccine is given before castration?

tetanus

What is the method of forcing an animal to the ground usually with ropes?

Casting

In what layer of skin and other area of the body do Cheyletiella species reside in?

keratin layer of the skin and hair coat

What high count may indicate parasitism?

Eosinophil

When taking a lateral thorax view, when should the radiograph be taken?

Maximum inspiration

Is there a difference between punishment and negative reinforcement?

Yes

What is the gestation period for a dog?

58-70 days

The most commonly used bleeding time test in vet med is

buccal mucosal bleeding time

Hypoxemia is defined as a partial pressure of oxygen in the arterial blood of less than?

80 mmHg

What species are insulinomas common in?

Ferrets over 3-4 years old

This common otc is toxic to cats because they cannot biotransform it

Acetaminophen

During general anesthesia, is the patient conscious or in pain?

Dissociatives are injectable anesthetic agents used for brief or minor procedures. What do dissociative agents cause?

intact reflexes due to muscle rigidity

Hedstrom files or H files are hand files commonly used for dentin removal. How are H files used?

In a fast push-pull motion

In veterinary dentistry, vet techs are generally permitted to perform what?

subgingival tooth scaling

If ceftiofur sodium is administered to sheep or goats, what disease is most likely treating?

acute interdigital necrobacillosis

How many milliliters of 50% dextrose solution will you need to add to 1.0 LRS in order to make a 5% Dex solution?

100 ml

What term best describes a scraping technique?

Curettage

What feature makes a carmalt forceps the ligating instrument of choice in OHEs?

Longitudal serrations

Blood cortisol levels that are either too high or too low indicate malfunction of which organ?

adrenal glands

An activated clotting time is used to evaluate coagulation cascade pathways, and it uses a tube that contains what?

Diatamaceous earth

What is the medical term for chewing?

mastication

What is the term used to describe an antiseptic agents that works by inhibiting the growth cycle of bacteria?

Bacteriostatic agents

/*An intravenous pyelogram is used to diagnose abnormalities of kidneys and ureters. True or false?

true

What appears gray on a radiograph?

Fluid

What is dyspnea?

Difficult breathing

A doppler is a device used to indirectly measure what key indicator?

BLood pressure

What is opisthtonus?

Patients body stiffens and bends backwards

What pain med is often administered transdermally?

Fentanyl

What is ileus?

Disruption of normal bowel movement

Wind up is the process of?

increased sensitivity of the spinal cord

Sucralfate forms a sticky paste in the stomach that?

binds with proteins found in ulcers

Systolic blood pressure is produced by

The contraction of the left ventricle

Anesthetic agents found in milk appear to have what affect on newborns?

little effect

Peg teeth are abnormally-formed supernumerary teeth that generally occur where?

Canine and incisor regions

How many hours does it take for plaque to form?

6-8

The presence of waxy casts in urine indicate?

Chronic and severe degeneration of renal tubes

Nematodes have no

Respiratory system

For cystocentesis in dogs where is the lcorrect place to place the needle

Caudal to the umbilicus and to the side of the sheath

At what point in gestation might a bitch be palpated for pregnancy

21-30 days

The receptor components in a film based imaging system are

cassette, intensifying screen, and film

WHat three views are incorporated in the Penn HIP evaluation?

ventro-dorsal hip extended
distraction view
compression view

Neuorleptanalgesia is achieved by giving what two drugs at the same time

opiod and a tranquilizer

Aside from sedation, acepromazaine can be used as an

antiemetic and anitarrhthmyci

When do signs of aspiration pneumonia typically occur after the patient has inspired

24-36 hours

What pressure should suction equipment be able to reach?

760 mm Hg

When using percussion on a body surface, a very low pitched resonant sound indicates

air filled structure under body wall

normal bleeding time in cats and dogs

4 indogs and 3 in cats

Blocking both the corneal branch of the zygomatic temporal nerve and the corneal branch of the infratrochlear nerv is important in what animal?

caprine

Tramadol is given orally, acts on the mu receptor, and is what type of drug?

nonopiate

opioid analgesic often used in transdermal patches to control postsurgical pain is?

fentanyl

Butorphanol is a drug that functions on more than one bodysystem. it is:

antitussive and narcotic analgesic

Eclampsia produces elevated body temperatures resulting from

heat produced from muscle movement

Dystocia in the dog or cat may be defined as active straining without delivery of a fetus for

more than 60 minutes

Triage in correct order? unconsciousness, dyspnea, abscess

true

Vomiting should not be induced in patients that have ingested?

Kerosene

Which drug should be avoided in the stallion because it may cause permanent prolapse of the penis

acepromazine

When should barium sulfate not be used

urinary bladder examination

Which animal normally has cloudy urine and why

Horses and calcium carbonate crystals

What category of antibacterials can cause ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity

tetracyclines/doxycycline

What is the dosage for a 72# dog if you are giving the 2.6 ml of ketamine if the concentration is 100 mg/ml

7.9 mg/kg

What is the reason that a drug is considered a controlled sustance?

side effects are too severe

What is the prferred rinse for povidone-iodine in prep?

isopropyl alcohol

Which synthetic suture dissolves the fastest?

vicryl

What is the 13/14 curette used for?

both subgingival and supra gingival sclaing of the molars

What kind of artifact is presnt if the teeth appear to be too short?

foreshortening

What is the most common place to obtain bone marrow aspirate from?

ilium, humerus, and femur

Which color tube is used for CBC

purple top

In maintaining a long term IV catheter what are some signs to watch for?

Redness or swelling
ability to flush every 4-6 hours
swelling of the paw below the catheter

In an abdominal pressure bandage what is the order tha thte bandage pressure is released?

caudal middle rostral

What is the most common radiograph view that you will perform in emergency practice?

abdominal

What are criteria of a VD hip extended view for OFA radiographs

Femurs are parallel toe ach other
Entire pelvis, femurs, and stifles are included
patellae are positioned over the centers of the femoral condyles

What happens if you place the universal f tubeing on the andesthesia machine backwards?

oxygen takes the path of least resistance and avoids going into the lungs

WHich of the following are components of balanced anesthesia?

specific drugs for analgesia
sedation
muscle relaxation
amnesia

What is the most common emergency in male cats?

urinary obstruction

Is gastric dilation and volvulus considered a true emergency?

true

Is it more common for an animal to go into cardiac or respiratory arrest?

respiratory

What is the most common treatment in cases where there is suspected corosive toxin ingestion in the last few hours?

activated charcoal

What is the term used to describe the movement of drug molecules across a cellular memberane by using a carrier molecule and not requireing the cell to used any energy

facilitated diffusion

What group of antimicrobials work by inactivating key enzymres involved in the bacterias synthesis of folic acid and what bacteria need to function

sulfonamides

Permanent brain damage may occur when there is inadequate oxygen of the tissue for longer than?

4 minutes

During anesthesia, a pulse oximeter reading of _____indicates the hemoglobin is adquately saturated with oxygen

98%

By aiming the radiograph machine at the sensor the film________ of the image may occur?

foreshortening

A mandibular prognathism is considered to be in which occlusion class

CLass III

What type of anticoagulant is primarily used for tests that require plasma samples?

Heparin

Fluorescence with the WOods lamp is only evident in approximately _______ of the cases that involve Microsporum canis

50%

What is the mosts common intramuscular injection site in the bovine that avoids valuable cuts of meat?

Lateral cervical muscle

During intraoperative surgery, an Esmarch bandage and a tourniquet are used for what?

A bloodless field for the surgeon to operate in

When taking a radiogrpahic image, if the object is closer to the xray tube than it is to the image receptor, the object will be?

Magnified

With the heel effect, the xray beam intensity is greater toward the

cathode

At what pressure should an oxygen cylinder be when it is full?

2200 psi

In what stage of anesthesia does excitement occur?

Stage 2

When looking at an ECG what type of arrhythmia is characterized by wide and bizarre QRS complex?

Ventricular premature complex

What nutrient is helpful in correcting clotting times for an animal that has ingested rodenticide?

Vitamin K

Orthopnea may be a symptom of which of the following?

A patient in need of oxygen

Opisthotonus, a severe spasm causing the patients body to bend backward and stiffen, is most commonly seen in which type of trauma?

BLunt trauma to the head

NSAID medication are effective in the management of moderate to high levels of pain/ True or false?

False

What is allodynia?

A pain response to a stimulus that is not normally painful

What is the sample spun in a red top tube?

serum

Where are casts formed?

Tubules of the kidney

How do you raise the drug concentration from minimum effective to to therapeutic range?

Loading dose

An opioid that directly stimulates dopamine receptors int he CRTZ to produce emesis?

Apomorphine

WHat is the approximate time sutures are removed?

10-14 days

The most common fracture found on the fourth premolars is a

Slab fracture

Describe a caudal crossbite

One or more of the mandibular cheek teeth are buccal to the opposing maxillary cheek teeth when the mouth is closed

During nociception the transmission phase includes

The generation and transmission of a nerve impulse along the peripheral nerves to the spinal cord

Performing an OHE around 6 months does what?

decreases anesthetic risk in younger patients and prevents mammary neoplasia

The best way to treat pain is to prevent it. This is known as:

preemptive analgesia

IV catheter care should be performed every 48 hours or on an as needed, and should include

inspection for phlebitis and inspection for infection and thrombosis

THe ________ can be used to temporarily immobilize limbs distal to the elbow or stifle joints

Robert Jones bandage

Anesthetic agents and adjuncts differ according to the degree to which they stimulate target tissue receptors. Agonist-antagonists do what?

Bind to more than one receptor type and simultaneously stimlate at least one and block at least one

Induction of a canine or feline patient with propofol, methohexital, thiopental sodium, or etomidate is an example of

anesthetic induction with an iv inection of an ultra-short-acting agent to effect

In measuring the animal for Ventraldorsal thorax, the animal is in dorsal recumbency and the caliper is placed over the

caudal border of the scapula

A very deep chested Lab is coming in for VD and DV abdominal radiographs. To take advantage of the heel effect and help reduce density differences

THe thickest part of the animal should face the cathode

The earliest clinical sign of dehydration includes

Tacky or dry mm

Early stages of shock result from a progressive imbalance between the tissue oxygen supply and demand. Recognition of shock includes

Depression, tachycardia, increase or decrease of pulse quality, altered mental status, hypotension, pale mm

How many chest compressions per minute in CPR?

120-130 in cats and small dogs and 100 in large dogs

A secondary hemostatic coagulation screening test that may assess the extrinsic and common pathways in hematologic emergencies is

Prothrombin time

Furosemide is what type of diuretic?

Loop diuretic

What is a possible adverse effect of Aminoglycoside abx?

nephrotoxicity

What are advantages of multi-filament suture?

good knot security, stronger than monofilament, has little memory and is easy to work with

What instrument would be most commonly used to occlude small vessels during surgery?

Halsted mosquito hemostatic forceps

The parallel technique can be used for which of the following dental radiograph views?

caudal mandibular teeth

What is the purpose of polishing during a dental prophylaxis

Smooth the tooth surface to help prevent bacterial growth

What is the normal urine specific gravity range in cat?

1.001-1.080

What parasites are nematode?

Parsacaris equorum
Toxocara canis
Ancylostoma caninum

What are examples of material used for the secondary layer of a bandage

kling, cast padding, bandaging cotton

What type of restraint device is the ideal piece of equipment for equine procedures

Stocks

Which contrast agent is radiopaque and absorbs a large amount of radiation?

Barium sulfate

What information is required on a radiograph?

Name of patient
Date of exam
Name of practice

What is not included in a non-rebreathing system?

pressure manometer

What is included in the primary survey of a trauma patient?

Check for an airway
Assess circulation
Evaluate breathing

At what amount of blood loss do signs of shock generally develop?

60-70%

What fluid is a colloid that is commonly used in emergencies?

Whole blood

What are common clinical signs seen with esophageal foreign body emergencies?

Regurgitation
Excessive swallowing motions
Salivation

WHat type of drug would not inhibit transduction of pain?

Alpha 2 agonists

What are the principles of administering analgesia?

Preventing pain is the best way to treat it
Maintain an analgesic plane once established
Match analgesics to the degree of pain expected

What is ethylene oxide?

a colorless gas used for sterilization

What is the most commonly used scalpel blade in small animal surgery?

What is a vet most likely checking for on a dental exam of a 2 year old horse?

bit injuries

What type of teeth are usually absent in female horses but present in male horses?

Canine

When must fresh frozen plasma be used with to ensure optimal clotting factors?

within 12 months

If an oxidase test is negative what color does it turn?

No color change

What stands for as needed

PRN

Which amino acid is qualified as nonessential?

glycine

What is the purpose of a dosimeter badge?

to monitor exposure to radiation

Which radionuclides is used for thyroid scintigraphy?

Iodine

Can anesthesia be safely administered to patients with elevated liver enzymes?

Yes

What measure is always taken with a patients eyes during anesthesia?

apply eye lubricant

How is parvovirus spread from one puppy to another?

Exposure to infected feces

What is a diaphragmatic hernia?

A tear in the diaphragm

What is the active ingredient in sugar free gum? An what is the active ingredient in chocolate?

Xylitol in sugar free and theobromine in chocolate

What nutrient is helpful in correcting clotting times in an animal that has ingested rodenticide?

Vitamin K

What is the third stage of nociception?

Transmission

What type of medication is used for long term pain management?

NSAID

How does fludrocortisone work to treat addisons disease?

By increasing sodium levels and decreasing potassium levels

What condition is contraindicated for acepromazine?

Epilepsy

Which breed of dog has increased sensitivty to avermectin?

Collies because of their more permeable blood brain barrier

What drug is banned in the use of food animals because of the potential to cause aplastic anemia in humans?

chloramphenicol

What antiseptic is commonly used in vet med?

Chlorhexidine

What suture type would be the most likely to cause an inflammatory reaction?

Catgut

How many decidiuous teeth do puppies have?

What is an example of a Class III occlusion?

Maxillary brachgnathism

What parasite can cause cutaneous larval migrans in humans?

Ancylostoma braziliense

A left shift when referring to blood sample means?

An increased number of band neutrophils

What site is not an ideal site for IM injections?

Gluteal muscles

Describe a scenario representing natural passive immunity?

A kitten sucking from a queen

What kind of arrythmia is characterized by an abnormally long PR interval

First degree AV block

What is an ideal contrast medium for a myelography

Water soluble nonionic organic bodies

What could happen if you use a ET tube that is too long?

increased mechanical dead space

What stage of anesthesia is associated with excitement, vocalization, paddling, and marked muscle tone?

Stage II

What is a scenario that represents a major cross-match?

Donors RBCs mixed with recipeints plasma

Most common kind of shock seen in cats and dogs?

Hypovolemic shock

Unlike dogs cats develop what sign when experiencing shock

bradycardia

Which fluid is an isotonic fluid?

Lactated ringers solution

This phase of the pain pathway occurs in the spinal cord?

Modulation

What combination of drugs represents multimodal analgesia?

carprofen, lidocaine, and hydromorphone

What is minimum alveolar concentration?

The percent concentration of an agent required to prevent a response to surgical stimulation in 50% of patients and therefore is a measurement of the potency of an agent

How long should dogs and cats be fasted prior to undergoing anesthesia?

8-12 hours

What is the chronical order of wound healing?

Inflammation, proliferation, and maturation

When auscultating a patients lungs you hear crackles. What association would this be with?

pleural disease and/or pulmonary disease

What does FORL stand for?

Feline Odontoclastic Resorptive Lesions

WHat are the grades of malocclusions in order grade 1 to grade 4?

Grade 1: rostral cross bite
Grade 2: brachygnathism
Grade 3: prognathism
Grade 4: wry bite

What is the heel effect?

Having the thickest part of the animal towards the cathode side

The term kVp allows_____________ and the rem mAs allows the __________

penetration of xrays and the number of xrays

What solution is a colloid?

Blood

What percent of an animal’s body weight is made up of water?

60%

A dog is presented to the clinic upon an emergency for seizures. What is the drug of choice?

Diazepam

An owner calls the clinic to ask what to do because their dog ingested a large amount of chocolate. What do you tell them to do?

Come into the clinic so the vet staff can administer an emetic drug and administer activated charcoal

AN owner comes into the clinic to see where her intact, female dog was in her estrousThe owner is going to breed her based upon your findings. How would you differentiate if she is in proestrus or diestrus?

They are the same thing so it doesnt matter. Wait 2 days and take another swab and look under the microscope

Tubes contain:
1. Purple
2. Green
3. BLue

EDTA
Heparin
Citrate

Windup….

Should be taken seriously and with the use of preemptive analgesia

We use the ______ pain scale

Colorado State

WHich Drug would be used to help stimulate a newborn to breathe after being born csection?

Doxapram

What drug is in the group called catecholamines?

Epinephrine

What sutures are natural sutures?

Plain gut
Chromatic catgut
Silk

Moncryl is?

Synthetic and absorbable

Which drug dosage from is not administered per OS

tincture

What are true statements about aspirin?

Aspirin blocks the cyclooxygenase pathway which decreases inflammation
Animal owners commonly give aspirin to their animals without veterinary advice
Aspirin is metabolized by cats much more slowly than other species

Instruments prepared through cold sterilization by soakin ina disinfecting solution?

Can be used on superficial lacerations or dental procedures

Sutures in order from smallest to largest?

11-0, 7-0, 1, 3

Periodontium describes attachment structures of the teeth which include:

gingival connective tissue
alveolar bone
periodontal ligament
cementum

Signs of Feline CHronic Ulcerative Gingivostomatitis

Inflamed gingiva
swollen bright red mucosa
gingival bleeding

What are correct statements when performing California Mastitis Test

The test screens milk based on a DNA reaction of the somatic cells to the test reagent
The results will appear within 10-15 seconds after the reagent is mixed with the milk samples
An equal amount of milk and reagent is added to each mixing cup in the sample tray

Schistocytes AKA

RBC fragments

Pneumonia can be caused by

Bacterial, viral or fungal infection
Aspiration of a foreign object
Aspiration of stomach contents

A cystocentesis should not be performed on a patient suspected of having

a bladder tumor

The borders for a ventrodorsal abdominal radiograph on a small animal are:

Diaphragm cranially to the greater trochanter caudally, including the pubic symphysis

The principle effects experienced by radiation personnel are

Malignancy and genetic defects

Stage 1 of anesthesia is noted by:

Disorientation and fear

When recovering a patient who is showing signs of respiratory distress after extubation, the term stridor refers to

Noisy respirations

What would cause theobromine toxicity?

Chocolate

Emergency patients who present with brick red brown or mottled pink red or purple mm may indicate:

Sepsis
Heat Stroke
Carbon Monoxide poisoning

The DVM may treat with Dextrose in an emergency for a patient suffering from

Insulin overdose
insulinoma
glycogen storage disease

When measuring arterial blood pressure, the normal ranges for systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressures are approximately

100-160, 60-100, and 80-120 mmHg

MLK is added to IV fluids to provide to balanced analgesia, MLK stands for

Morphine, Lidocaine, and Ketamine

Opioids are classified as

agonists, partial agonists, and antagonists

To reduce intracranial pressure resulting in trauma, ________________ may be administered every 4-8 hours

mannitol

GDV is a life threatening emergency. Its main damaging effect is obstruction of the

Portal vein

To place a nasal oxygenation catheter you would

Measure to the medial canthus of the eye

What is a colloid sollution?

plasma and hetastarch

Normal scissor occlusion is when the maxillary fourth premolars occlude

buccally to the mandibular first molar

What vitamins are water soluble?

B and C

What statement is true about rabbit cecotrophs?

Are known as night feces; are eaten by the rabbit; are soft dark in color moist and coated in mucus; are rich in vitamins, electrolytes, and nutrients

Dalmations are the only species to excrete what in their urine?

uric acid

Arterial blood is most commonly used for

blood gas

Over inflation of the lungs during artificial ventilation

excessive air pressure may rupture the alveoli

THe patient is dyspneic> What should you do

Turn down the vaprizer, check the ET tube, and check the oxygen flow

When a drug has a narrow therapeutic range it means that

its effective and toxic doses are close to each other

A cow is accidentqally dosed with an equine dose of xylazine. What drug should be immediately administered?

Yohimbine

THe main purpose of the xray developer is to

Convert the exposed silver halide crystals into black metallic silver

If using rare earth screens, what spectrum of light must thefilm be sensitive to?

green

Which suture materal persists in the body the longest period?

prolene

What are elective procedures?

optional

Where in the pain pathway does secondary sensitization or windup occur

In the spinal cord

Administering analgesics before tissue injury is known as

preemptive analgesia

what type of drug is used to decrease pulmonary edema?

diuretics

What hormone directly stimulates the thyroid to produce and release hormones?

TSH from the pituitary gland

What sutures are made of synthetic material?

monocryl
ethilon
pds

What type of scissors are designed for dissection of delicate tissue?

Metzenbaum

How long does fluoride treatment need to be left on the teeth for?

3-5 minutes

What is the adult dental formula for a rabbit?

2 (2/1 I, 0/0 C, 3/2 P, 2-3/3 M)

When performing a bone marrow aspiration what degree angle should your needle be at?

45 degrees

What is the specific gravity of most parasite eggs?

1.100-1.200 g/ml

When presented with a wound that needs care, what is the first objective you must do?

Prevent further contamination

Guinea pigs require what vitamin supplement in their diet?

Vitamin c

When taking a small animal abdomen radiograph when is the best time to take the xrays?

End of expiration during brief pause

You are performing a GI study on a dog with a suspected GI perforation what contrast agent should you use?

Oral organic iodine-ionic solution

WHen performing a leak check on a low pressure system of a rebreathing system with a pressure of 30 cm of water, no leaks are present if the pressure decrease by how may cm of water in 10 seconds?

5 cm of water

What monitoring equipment is used to measure the level of CO2 present in inspired and expired air?

capnograph

You need to induce emesis ina dog what is the most reliable emetic?

apomorphine

What is the most common problem in exotic small animals?

Dental disease

What emergency drug does not affect 30-50% of rabbits due to an endogenous enzyme?

atropine

What is the toxic dose of theobromine?

250-500 mg/kg

Local infiltration injections of what drug can reduce pain associated with various painful procedures?

lidocaine or bupivicaine

Using the Colorado State University pain scale, what pain score would be given to a cat who is constantly yowling, growling, or hissing when unattended and may bite or chew at wound but unlikely to move if left alone

pain score 3

What is a doxycycline?

antimicrobial

What category of antibacterials can cause ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity?

aminoglycosides

An onychectomy is the surgical removal of?

The claw and the distal phalanx of each digit

The purpose of the esmarch bandage is to

force blood out of the limb

This species has teeth that are brachyodont

Porcine

Anisognathism is referred to when

The upper jaw is wider than the lower jaw

What cestode is known as the cucumber seed tapeworm?

Dipylidium caninum

What parasite has the zoonotic potential for neurological larval migrans?

Baylisacaris procyonis

Throw away

FHL is characterized by

More than 80% of hepatocytes swelling with lipids

Always place the ________ part of the area being xrayed toward the cathode side of the xray tube

thickest

White spots on an xray could be from

hair

Horses should have water withheld _____ hours before anesthesia

0-2

According to the ASA a patient witha P4 physical status classification is _____ risk

high

___________in a shock state often present with bradycardia, rather than with tachycardia

cats

Normal mean arterial blood pressure for dogs and cats is

60-100 mmHg

Increased etCO2 may mean that the patient is

hypoventilating

Drugs that are safe to administer through an ET tube are easily remembered by the acronym NAVEL which is

find answer

Nociception has what phases

transduction, modulation, transmission, &

A circumferential ring block is commonly used for

declawing

What is pinkeye most often treated with for both sheep and goats?

tetracycline

NSAID medications are effective in the management of moderate to high levels of pain. True or false

false

Which of the following should occur as son as possible after GI surgery?

Feeding

What is helpful in the prevention of excess swelling around the surgical site following the recovery period?

exercise

Which teeth are generally used for prehending and holding?

canines

Malocclusion is the correct medical term used to describe abnormal positioning of the teeth. True or false?

true

WHich type of WBC would indicate allergic disease processes on skin cytology?

eosinophil

Rocky Mountain SPotted Fever ma occur in what regions?

anywhere ticks are found

What is the most common sign associated with lyme disease in horses?

Stiffness

What are the first signs usually noted by owners with puppies that have parvo?

V/D

During an xray what is the most significant cause of scatter radiation?

find answer

How does a metal foreign body appear on a radiograph?

Bright white

What device is a example of an intermittent monitoring device?

esophageal stethoscope

Upon reaching a deep anesthetic plane is a patient considered to be in the early stages of an overdose?

yes

Anisocoria may be a symptom of what?

Neurologic disease

What is the term to describe a condition in which the body does not receive adequate blood flow?

shock

Palliative care addresses pain through which approach

providing symptomatic care

If a patients pain is caused by thromboembolism what type of pain does the patient most likely have

cardiopulmonary

What stage of anesthesia can excitement occur

stage 2

When measuring central venous pressure where must the tip of the catheter rest

vena cava

What condition is long lasting and usually develops over an extended period of time?

chronic

Which diagnostic test is used to assess a horses lower airway?

brochoscopy

Which teeth are used to grind food?

molars

Which head type is most common among dogs?

mesaticephalic

What item is used to monitor the technicians exposure to radiation

dosimeter badge

IF an object is closer to the xray tube than it is to the image receptor, the object will appear

magnified

Can exposure to wildlife increase a dogs chance of contracting the distemper virus?

yes

What is a complex syndrome that results from altered blood flow or impaired delivery of oxygen to the tissues?

shock

What term indicates a patient is havin a difficult time breathing

dyspnea

How is parvovirus spread?

exposure to infected feces

An elevation of BUN indicates a disease of what organ

kidney

What is hyperalgesia?

increased sensitivty to pain

In the process of pain transmission which stage occurs when the neural processing in the spinal cord reaches the brain, causing pain to be recognized

perception

What is the other name for a nonproprietary name?

generic name

what agent is used as a reversal for opiods?

naloxone

What is the difference between laparoscopic and traditional surgical incisions

Laporoscopic are smaller and less traumatic

Which anesthetic agent will commonly result in post op hyperthermia?

ketamine

The drug group of choice for treating lyme disease is what

antibiotics

The reversal for xylazine is?

yohimbine

When scrubbing for surgery yourhands should be

above the elbows

Metzenbaum scissors are only used for

cutting tissue

Can dental radiographs aid in sulcus depth measurement

The tooth surface towards the cheek is

buccal

Icteric plasma will appear

yellow

Phagocytes are

wbcs

Which endocrine disease leads to weight loss and increased appetite in cats

hyperthyroidism

Which needle size hast the smalles diameter?

25-28 gauge

Which ultrasound frequency pentrates deepest?

4 MHz

If in your dental radiograph the tooth is elongated your beam was perpendicular to

the tooth

What is used to evaluate the depth of anesthesia

eye position
jaw tone
palpebral reflex

QRS complex represents

ventricular depolarization

The first drug of choice for status epilepticus is

diazepam

What is the most recommended treatment for canine paraphimosis

applying a warm compress

What is a doppler used for?

blood pressure measurement

a megaesophagus patient presents with exercise-induced collapse. What condition do you suspect?

myasthenia gravis

What is the correct order of the pain pathway?

Transduction, transmission, modulation, perception

Which anesthetic agent listed below commonly resultis in post op hyperthermia

hyperthermia

Define patent ductus arteriosus

the failed closure of a duct between the pulmonary arter and the aorta

If pyometra is not surgically corrected within a reasonable time, damage may occur to what organ?

kidneys

The patient is diagnosed with grade 3 periodontal disease. This means

The patient has 25-50% tooth structure loss

What will a vet most likely check during a routine dental exam on a 2 year old horse

bit injuries

What do blood collection tubes with light blue tops contain

sodium citrate solution

How is synovial fluid collected for testing

arthrocentesis

Regarding fluid therapy what is an isotonic solution?

Fluid with the same osmotic pressure as blood

What is the unit of measure used by the International System of Units to measure the absorbed dose of ionizing radiation?

gray

Which of the following will appear gray on a radiograph

fluid

What is an example of an objective means of observation

measurment of central venous pressure

IF a patient has a sever head inujury what is its anesthetic risk according to the american society of anesthesiologists

extreme p5

For equine emergency if a yearling needs a nasogastric tube placed what is the correct size

7/16” outer diameter 1/4” inner diameter 12’ long

Name a lower respiratory disease

asthma

Define anisocoria

a difference in the size of the patients pupils

severe sepsis may result in?

hypotension

What type of medication is considered the primary and preferred means of long term pain managment

NSAIDa

Define allodynia

a pain response that is not usually painful

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