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NUR 304 > Vulnerable Populations 8/30 > Flashcards

Vulnerable Populations 8/30 Flashcards

1
Q

Core concept of health?

A

-Good, fair, poor
-Demographics: age, sex, race, current and past condition
-Societal, economic conditions, geographical location, environmental effects
-Wellness, illness, disease, disability, and functioning

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2
Q

Major paradigms (examples) in concepts of health:

A

-Wellness - illness spectrum perspective
-high level wellness -> depletion of health
-quality of level -> disability, adaptation, loss of functions

-ongoing outcome of interactions between person and environment; complex biologic and social system

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3
Q

Developmental models of health:

A

-Social ecological model, includes view of individual, family, community, society
-Social determinants of health
-Adaptation and flourishing (self-actualization)
-Foundation for healthy people 2020/2030

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4
Q

Meaning of health:

A

-Philosophy of care (health promotion, health maintenance)

-System of care (health care delivery)

-Practice of care (evidence-based practice)

-Behaviors (personal health behaviors)

-Costs (health care costs)

-Insurance (Uninsured healthcare)

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5
Q

Historical Perspective: Before 1940

A

-Health = absence of disease
-infectious diseases prominent
-Physician: independent primary practitioner
-Government: start public health/welfare

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6
Q

Historical Perspective: 1940 to 1950s

A

-Health = ability to fulfill roles
-Physical for fitness
-Physicians linked to hospital services
-Increased federal role: hospital expansion, federal programs

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7
Q

Historical Perspective: 1960s to present

A

-Health = adaptation to environment

-Disease prevention/health promotion

-Emphasis on individual responsibility/lifestyle choices

-Advance practice nurses became health providers
-Government: control costs
-Quality of life seen as component of health
-Person/family perception important
-Person-centered care

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8
Q

Models of Health: Clinical

A

Absence sign/symptoms disease; prevention not emphasized

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9
Q

Models of Health: Role performance

A

Health based on whether person can perform societal roles

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10
Q

Models of Health: Adaptive

A

Ability to adapt positively to change

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11
Q

Models of Health: Eudaimonistic model

A

Exuberant well-being: interaction and interrelationships in multiple aspects of life; interdisciplinary focus

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12
Q

Eudaimonistic

A

a system of ethics that bases moral value on the likelihood that good actions will produce happiness.

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13
Q

Eudaimonistic model

A

-Aspects predate clinical model

-Congruent with integrative modes of therapy

-Address more complementary and alternative medicine (CAM)

-Health is more broadly defined and can encompass more individuals and more diverse life circumstances

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14
Q

High-Level Wellness

A

-Wellness is positive state with increases in health beyond midpoint continuum

-Dunn (1961) expanded concept of health to include favorability of environment

-Progression toward a higher level of functioning

-Emphasizes interrelationship between environment and health on personal and societal level

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15
Q

Health Ecology

A

-Interconnection of people with physical/social environments

-Gordon’s functional health patterns

-Multidimensional - extending from person -> community -> society

-Systems approach - one aspect of the system can affect other aspects of the system

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16
Q

Key Health Concepts: Functioning

A

Level reflected in terms of performance/social expectations; loss is indicator of need for nursing intervention

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17
Q

Key Health Concepts: Health

A

-State of physical, mental, spiritual, and social functioning within developmental context
-Both individual and societal responsibility

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18
Q

Key Health Concepts: Disease

A

-Failure of adaptive mechanisms
-Results in functional or structural disturbances

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19
Q

Key Health Concepts: Illness

A

Subjective experience of individual and physical manifestation of disease– psychological, spiritual, and social components

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20
Q

Planning for Health

A

-Previous focus was disease prevention

-Over past 30 years promotion of health has become the driving force

-Healthy people initiative started in 1979 by US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare

-Call to action to set goals for next 10 years

-Interest became weaker during 1980s

-Healthy People 2000–renewed interest–became landmark document (initiated 1990)

21
Q

Healthy People Initiative: Healthy People 2000

A

-Increase the span of healthy life

-Reduce health disparities

-Create access to prevention services for all

-Set 22 areas of achievement but by 1995, 30% of the goals lacked progress, worsened, or lacked data

22
Q

Healthy People Initiative: Healthy People 2010

A

-Increase quality and years of healthy life
-Eliminate health disparities
-23% of objectives met, 48% showed progress, 24% worse, 5% no change

23
Q

Healthy People Initiative: Healthy People 2020

A

-National Guidelines to Promote Health
-Define national emphasis for health-promotion and disease prevention efforts

24
Q

Healthy People 2020 Four overarching goals

A

-Attain high quality, longer lives free of preventable disease, disability, injury, and premature death

-Achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, and improve the health of all groups

-Create social and physical environments that promote good health for all

-Promote quality of life, healthy development, and healthy behaviors across all life stages

25
Q

Healthy People 2030

A

-Attain healthy, thriving lives and well-being, free of preventable disease, disability, injury, and premature death

-Eliminate health disparities, achieve health equity, and attain health literacy to improve the health and well-being for all

-Create social, physical, and economic environments that promote attaining full potential for health and well-being for all

-Promote healthy development, healthy behaviors, and well-being across all life stages

-Engage leadership, key constituents, and the public across multiple sectors to take actions and design policies that improve the health and well being of all

26
Q

Primordial Prevention

A

-Newer level of prevention

-Original three levels developed in 1945s to 1950s

-Reflects policy-level intervention

-Aimed at affecting health before at-risk lifestyle behaviors are adopted

-Occurs at national, state, community levels

-Examples: healthy eating school-based programs, reduction of sodium in food supply, creating bike/walking paths

27
Q

Primary Prevention

A

-Precedes disease/dysfunction

-Interventions–health protection
-Health promotion (ex education
-Specific protection (ex immunization, reducing exposure to carcinogens, occupational hazards)

-Focus: maintain/improve general individual/family/community health

-Passive–not personally involved
-Public health efforts–clean water/sewer

-Active–personally involved
-Lifestyle changes

28
Q

Secondary Prevention

A

-Screening
-Goal: identify individuals in early, detectable stage of disease

-Treating early stages of disease

-Limiting disability

-Interventions similar to primary prevention but applied to individuals/ populations with disease

29
Q

Tertiary Prevention

A

-Defect/disability permanent or irreversible (ex stroke)

-Minimizing effect to prevent complications/deterioration

-Objective: return to useful place in society, maximize remaining capacity

-Example: stroke patient
-Rehabilitate to highest level of function
-Teach lifestyle changes to prevent future strokes
-Prevent complications of stroke

30
Q

Quaternary Prevention

A

-Address over medicalization of care recipients

-Prevention of doing harm from
-Over diagnosing
-Over treating

-Engage in ethical, socially responsible decisions with patients as patients as partners in care

31
Q

Nurses Role

A

-Advocate
-Case manager
-Consultant
-Deliverer of services
-Educator
-Healer
-Researcher

32
Q

Improving Prospects for Health: Population effects

A

-Increased diversity
-Changes in age distribution (older population)
-Health-promotion approaches may need to adapt

33
Q

Improving Prospects for Health: Shifting problems

A

-Environmental pollution
-Stress
-Lifestyle (obesity, substance abuse)
-Increase in chronic conditions

34
Q

Improving Prospects for Health: Moving toward solutions

A

-Individual involvement (lifestyle changes, motivation)
-Governmental involvement (legislation and financing)

35
Q

Data show racial and ethnic minorities compared with whites/caucasian have:

A

-less access to healthcare
-receive lower quality health care
-higher rates of illness, injury, premature death

-disparities associated with many factors outside person’s control

36
Q

Vulnerable Populations experience disparities to health care access:

A

-Cultural needs
-Language barriers
-Discrimination
-Racism
-Lack of financial resources
-Loss of access to full range of primordial and primary prevention

37
Q

Culture and Language may have impact on people’s:

A

-Health
-Healing
-Wellness belief systems
-Perceived causes of illness and disease
-Behaviors of seeking health care
-Attitudes towards health care providers

-Cultural and linguistic competency is one of the major elements in eliminating health disparities

38
Q

Folk healing practices

A

-Reflected beliefs, values, treatment of cultural group
-Unlicensed: lay midwives, herbalists, spiritualists

39
Q

Nurses must avoid ethnocentrism:

A

-Viewing other ways as inferior or unnatural
-Obstacle in therapeutic provider-patient relationships

40
Q

Holistic approach:

A

-Incorporates family and support and system in care
-Considers patient viewpoint

41
Q

Arab Americans Health Concerns:

A

-Adult-onset diabetes mellitus
-Coronary artery disease
-Role of acculturation
-Mental health
-Teenage smoking

42
Q

Again Americans Health Concerns:

A

-Hesitancy to seek early diagnosis/screening
-Higher rate of tuberculosis
-Mental health problems due to adjustment issues
-Lower rate of obesity, hypertension

43
Q

Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders Health Concerns:

A

-Cancer
-Heart disease
-Stroke
-Diabetes

44
Q

Latino and Hispanic Americans Health Concerns:

A

-Cardiovascular disease
-Cancer
-Unintentional injuries
-Stroke
-Diabetes mellitus

45
Q

Black African Americans Health Concerns:

A

-Cancer deaths
-Hypertension
-HIV/AIDS
-Obesity
-Diabetes

46
Q

American Indians and Alaskan Natives Health Concerns:

A

-Linked to social and economic conditions
-Smoking, substance abuse
-Deaths: unintentional injuries, liver disease, cancer, suicide, pneumonia, diabetes, stroke

47
Q

Homeless Health Concerns:

A

-Basic survival issues
-Pneumonia, TB, HIV diseases are widespread
-Dental and vision problems
-Mental health issues significant contributing factor
-Substance abuse: both cause and consequence

48
Q

American Nurses Association (ANA)

A

-ANA code of ethics
-Commitment to provide service regardless of background or situation
-Nurses are responsible to provide for culturally competent care

-ANA sponsored Ethnic-Minority Fellowship Program to support minority health

NUR 304 (1 decks)

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