W1 Flashcards
(98 cards)
1
Q
“Man is condemned to be free; because once thrown into this world, he is responsible for everything he does. It is up to you to give life a meaning”
A
Jean Paul Sartre
2
Q
said to be the beginning of philosophy
A
Wonder
3
Q
The term philosophy comes from two Greek words
A
Filos (philos) and sofia (sophia)
4
Q
filos (philos) means
A
love
5
Q
sofia (sophia) means
A
wisdom
6
Q
Philosophy is ordinarily and literally understood as
A
“the love of wisdom”
7
Q
According to _______, philosophy begins in wonder
A
Aristotle
8
Q
became our main weapon to guide in our journey
A
Reason
9
Q
In the ancient times at the times of Greek mythology, __________ become the guiding principle on the lives of the human.
A
Greek mythology
10
Q
history of philosophy is divided into 4 eras
A
Ancient, medieval, modern, contemporary
11
Q
Philosophy was a creation of the _______ and more particularly of the _______
A
Greeks particularly the Ionian race
12
Q
Thales was born in
A
Miletus in Asia Minor about 640 B.C.
13
Q
was the first of philosophers
A
Thales
14
Q
father of philosophy
A
Thales of Miletus
15
Q
Thales tried to understand the origin of the world with the use of what
A
Reason
16
Q
What engaged Thales in scientific philosophy
A
Reason
17
Q
A mathematician who calculated the heights of pyramids and the distance of ships from the shore
A
Thales of Miletus
18
Q
According to ancient historians, he was the first philosopher who predicted the solar eclipse of May 28, 585 B.C.
A
Thales
19
Q
used reason to inquire into the nature of the universe
A
Thales
20
Q
The main concern of the early philosophers centered around Thales’ basic question:
A
“What is the world made of?”
21
Q
Pythagoras is a
A
Greek philosopher and mathematician
22
Q
who discovered the Pythagorean theorem
A
Pythagoras
23
Q
He held the curious view that all things were numbers
A
Pythagoras
24
Q
extrapolated from Euclidean geometry
A
Pythagoras
25
All things were numbers and extrapolated from Euclidean geometry an idea that would later become
The Music of Spheres
26
Pythagoras was famous as an expert of?
Experts of fate and soul after death
27
Who thought that the soul was immortal and went through a series of REINCARNATIONS
Pythagoras
28
an expert of religious ritual; as the founder of a strict way of life that emphasized dietary restrictions, religious ritual and rigorous self discipline.
Pythagoras
29
He advocated vegetarianism
Pythagoras
30
Often called "the dark one"
Heraclitus
31
Developed out of pessimistic observation regarding CHANGE
Heraclitus
32
Heraclitus saw the world as existing in what state
State of perpetual change
33
His most famous quoted words are "You can't step in the same river twice"
Heraclitus
34
Everything changes but changes itself
Heraclitus
35
was famous for his claim that he did not know anything
Socrates
36
He wrote no books, but his student recorded his conversations
Socrates
37
his tendency to question established beliefs in the government and in religion created many enemies especially since he encouraged young people to do the same
Socrates
38
He was eventually put on trial for “corruption of the youth” and condemned to die
Socrates
39
They condemned Socrates to die by drinking
Hemlock
40
Many modern people held up Socrates as a
martyr for the truth
41
Is the world best known as GREAT THINKER
Plato
42
Who tried to establish philosophy in a more complex manner?
Plato
43
He was primarily influenced by Socrates and became the successor of Socratic philosophy.
Plato
44
Plato is most known from his proposition of the
Theory of forms
45
the world we know through the senses is only an imitation of the pure, eternal and unchanging world of Forms
Theory of forms
46
He recorded various dialogues with the thinkers regarding to the idea of justice, beauty and truth.
Plato
47
Who founded the Academy?
Plato
48
Socrates' favorite student is
Plato
49
Who has more systematic and more mystical than Socrates’ ideas.
Plato
50
Plato’s philosophy basically suggested that the world of true ideas _______________________________________ has a reality of its own beyond physical world.
| *these concepts were even more real than the physical world of senses
(Justice, Beauty, Goodness, Virtue, Numbers, Geometry)
51
Who spent twenty years at Plato's Academy
Aristotle
52
He taught Platonic philosophy to his students, but he also criticized it.
Aristotle
53
He rejected Plato’s dualism (the way Plato separated the world of ideas or forms from the physical world).
Aristotle
54
(goal-oriented or purpose oriented) in nature
Teleological
55
Aristotle argued that some perfect, unchanging force or entity (a _________) outside of casuality must have initiated the _________________.
A Prime Mover
Sequence of cause and effect
56
He trusted senses than things that cannot be seen which was believed by Plato.
Aristotle
57
Among the great achievements to which Aristotle can lay claim is the
first systematic treatment of the principles of correct reasoning, the first logic.
58
Aurelius Augustine was born in
354 CE in Thagaste, a small provincial town in North Africa
59
He has a Christian mother and a pagan father,
Aurelius Augustine
60
He believes that although God created everything that exists, he did not create evil,
Aurelius Augustine
61
Evil is not a thing but a
Lack or deficiency of something
62
borrowed this way of thinking from Plato and his followers
Aurelius Augustine
63
Avicenna was born in
980 in a village near Bukhara, Uzbekhistan
64
he wrote mainly in Arabic, the language of learning throughout the Islamic world, he was a native Persian speaker
Avicenna
65
was a child prodigy, rapidly surpassing his teachers not only in logic and philosophy, but also in medicine
Avicenna
66
is one of the most famous “dualists” in the history of philosophy
Avicenna
67
he thinks that the body and the mind are two distinct substances.
Avicenna
68
who thought that the mind as distinct thing that was imprisoned in the body
Plato
69
believed that at the point of death, the mind would be released from its prison, to be later reincarnated in another body
Plato
70
Avicenna devised a thought-experiment known as
“flying-man”
71
A limited point of view by the people in the time of ________ where they worship gods above natural phenomena shifted towards a more reasonable line of thought founded by Thales.
Homerian literature
72
The work of Pythagoras marked a key turning point, as he sought to explain the world not in terms of primal matter, but in terms of
MATHEMATICS
73
He and his followers described the structure of the cosmos (world) in numbers and geometry
Pythagoras
74
the concern of philosophy shifted toward a more holistic understanding of God
Medevial
75
As the Greek city-states grew in stature, philosophy spread across the Greek world from Ionia, and in particular to ______, which was rapidly becoming the cultural center of Greece.
Athens
76
In France, _______ and _______ made major contributions to mathematics, as did ___________ in Germany
Rene Descartes and Blaise Pascal; Gottfried Leibniz
77
Rene Descartes lived in the early 17th century, during a period sometimes called the _________, an era of rapid advances in the sciences
scientific revolution
78
started with the argument that all knowledge passes through our senses cannot be trusted.
Rene Descartes
79
he uses what is known as “the method of doubt”.
Rene Descartes
80
He doubted everything
Rene Descartes
81
He aims to show that, even if we start from the strongest possible skeptical position, doubting everything, we can still reach knowledge.
Descartes
82
Descartes that there is one belief that he surely cannot be doubted:
his belief in his existence.
83
John Locke is traditionally included in the group of philosophers known as _________, together with two later philosophers, ____________
British Empiricist; George Berkeley and David Hume
84
The empiricists are generally thought to hold the view that all human knowledge must come directly or indirectly from the experience of the world that we acquire through our ___________
senses alone.
85
believed that the human mind is like a blank canvas or a blank sheet at birth.
John Locke
86
He states that all our knowledge of the world can only come from our experience, conveyed to us by our senses.
John Locke
87
everything we know is gained from experience.
John Locke
88
How to live life meaningfully
Contemporary
89
He belongs to the philosophical school known as pragmatism, which arose in the US in the late 19th century
John Dewey
90
(JOHN DEWEY) Pragmatism starts with the position that the purpose of philosophy, or “thinking”, is not to provide us with a true picture of the world, but to
help us to act more effectively within it
91
He thinks that philosophy should also be a way of finding practical responses to these problems
John Dewey
91
For _____, philosophical problems are not abstract problems divorced from people’s lives.
Dewey
92
He believes that philosophizing is not about being a “spectator” who looks at the world from afar, but about actively engaging in the problems of life.
John Dewey
93
famous for introducing the idea of primary and secondary reflection
Gabriel Marcel
94
The way we experience in this world is somehow based on how we deeply understand the richness of our experience.
Gabriel Marcel
95
interested with definitions and with technical and methodological solutions to the problem. It answers and judgments are objective.
Primary reflection
96
the instrument of philosophical reflection. This is the attempt to see the parts in relation to the whole – to interpret the parts with the whole in sight.
Secondary reflection
97
