W1 Flashcards
(27 cards)
•The English word history is derived from the Greek word “__________” meaning_____________
istoia
learning
Presently, the word “history” means the “past of which historians use to create their own__________ of the
mankind”
.
depiction
History is the study of past events, particularly in
human affairs
History in German is “___________” meaning, that which has happened”
Geschicht
This means that the word implies that history teaches and we may learn from the lessons of history.
Geschicht
With the definition of history, it brings man to a recognition that history cannot be_______________, that the past of mankind, much of it, is beyond__________. And that even the best of our memories cannot _______________our past.
reconstructed
recall
re-create
The________________ of the total past of mankind is the total goal of historians which, however, is unattainable.
Historians will never really know everything that happened in the past.
reconstruction
The problem that every historian confronts is that the evidence they rely on is likely to be_________________________ and even_________________.
fragmented incomplete
contradictory
The result is, each historian’s conclusions are influenced by the_____________ they have selected from what is______________ and from how they interpreted it.
evidence
available
The process of critically examining and analyzing the records and survivals of the past
HISTORICAL METHOD AND HISTORICAL SOURCES
(intention of acquiring detached and truthful knowledge independent of one’s personal reactions) a thing must first be an object and must have an independent resistance outside the human mind).
study objectively
Most of history is based on the human mind since most of history is based upon______________ (written or spoken history).
recollection
In reconstruction, only a part of what was observed is______________, only a part of what was remembered is recorded, only a part of what was recorded_____________, only a part of what survived comes to the historian’s attention.
remembered
survives
Only of a part of what is credible has been___________, only a part of what has been grasped can be_____________ and narrated by the historian.
grasped
expounded
Objects from the past or testimony concerning the past which historians use to create their own depiction of the past.
HISTORICAL SOURCES
• Published materials (books, journals etc.) and manuscript (handwritten and unprinted like archival materials and memoirs)
According to Form
• Written Sources
Oral history, artifacts, fossils, etc.
According to Form
Non written Sources
______________
• Testimony of an eyewitness
• It must have been produced by a________________ of that is narrated. It is a document or physical object written or created during the time under study.
These sources were present during an experience or time period and offer an________________ of a particular event.
Primary Sources
contemporary
inside view
• Interpret and analyze primary sources
• They are one or more steps removed from the event. Examples are printed textbooks.
Secondary Sources
Settles matters on the form and content of a source
HISTORICAL CRITICISM
_________________
• Deals with the problem of authenticity
• To spot (hoaxes, fakes, /forgeries and fabrications
External Criticism
Tests of Authenticity are:
• Determine the date if it is _____________: a material, skill or culture does not exist at that time
• Determine the author in the ___________ of his handwriting or signature
• Determine the provenance or custody: __________
• Determine the ____________, meaning of a text or word
• Determine the _____________, the ambiguities
Anachronistic:
uniqueness
genuineness
Semantics
Hermeneutics
• deals with the problem of credibility.
Internal Criticism
• Tests of credibility are:
• Determine the _____________ of the Author, his reliability, and his ability and willingness to tell the truth
• Determine the ______________, historical facts rest upon the testimony of two or more reliable witnesses
Character
Corroboration
