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Question 1

Group dynamics:

Answer 1

the actions, processes, and changes that occur within groups and between groups.

Question 2

Group:

Answer 2

two or more individuals who are connected by and within social relationships. On average, most groups tend to be relatively small in size, ranging from two to seven members

Question 3

Membership:

Answer 3

the state of being a part of, or included within, a social group.
Group relationships define who is in the group itself, for groups, unlike networks, have boundaries.

Question 4

Network:

Answer 4

a set of interconnected individuals or groups; more generally, any set of social or nonsocial objects that are linked by relational ties.

Question 5

Social identity:

Answer 5

aspects of the self-concept that derive from relationships and memberships in groups; in particular, those qualities that are held in common by two or more people who recognize that they are members of the same group or social category.

Question 6

Relationship interaction:

Answer 6

actions performed by group members that relate to or influence the emotional and interpersonal bonds within the group, including both positive actions (social support, consideration) and negative actions (criticism, conflict).

Question 7

Task interaction:

Answer 7

actions performed by group members that pertain to the group’s projects, tasks, and goals.

Question 8

Circumplex model of group tasks:

Answer 8

a conceptual taxonomy developed by Joseph McGrath that orders groups tasks in a circular pattern based on two continua: cooperative-competitive and conceptual-behavioral.

Question 9

Circumplex model of group tasks 4 basic group goals

Answer 9

• generating ideas or plans.
  Type 1: planning tasks. Concoct strategies they will use to accomplish goals Type 2: creativity tasks. Create altogether new ideas to approach problems
• choosing a solution.
  Type 3: intellective tasks. Make decisions about issues that have correct solutions
  Type 4: decision-making tasks. Questions that can be answered in many ways
• negotiating a solution to a conflict.
  Type 5: cognitive conflict tasks. Resolve differences of opinion among members regarding their goals or decisions
  Type 6: mixed-motive tasks. Resolve competitive disputes among members
• executing (performing) a task.
  Type 7: contests/battles/competitive tasks. Do things, including taking part in competitions
  Type 8: performances/psychomotor tasks. Working together to create some product or carry out collective actions

Question 10

levels of interdependency varies between groups

Answer 10

Mutual and reciprocal: all members influence one another.
Unilateral: a leader influences others but is not influenced by them.
Reciprocal but unequal: a leader’s influence over followers is substantially greater than follower’s influence on the leader.

Question 11

Group cohesion:

Answer 11

the strength of the bonds linking individuals to and in the group.

Question 12

Entitativity:

Answer 12

as described by Donald Campbell, the extent to which an assemblage of individuals is perceived to be a group rather than an aggregation of independent, unrelated individuals; the quality of being an entity.

Question 13

Difference between entitativity and group cohesion

Answer 13

So entitativity is more how the group is perceived by outsiders and cohesion is more how the group really is.

Question 14

Donald Campbell suggested that a group’s entitativity depends on certain perceptual cues such as? (3)

Answer 14

• Common fate:
• Similarity:
• Proximity:

Question 15

Primary groups:

Answer 15

a small, long-term group, such as families and friendship cliques, characterized by face-to-face interaction, solidarity, and high levels of member-to-group interdependence and identification;

Question 16

• Categories:

Answer 16

an aggregation of people or things that share some common attribute or are related in some way.

Question 17

• Collectives:

Answer 17

a relatively large aggregation or group of individuals who display similarities in actions and outlook.

Question 18

• Social groups:

Answer 18

a relatively small number of individuals who interact with one another over an extended period of time, such as work groups, clubs, and congregations.

Question 19

B = f(P,E):

Answer 19

the interactionism formula proposed by Kurt Lewin that assumes each person’s behavior (B) is a function of his or her personal qualities (P), the social environment (E), and the interaction of these personal qualities with factors present in the social setting.

Question 20

Theory of Bruce Tuckman. It assumes that most groups move through five stages.

Answer 20

• Forming: group members become oriented toward one another.
• Storming: conflicts surface in the group as members vie for status and the group sets its goals.
• Norming: the conflicts subside when the group becomes more structured and standards emerge.
• Performing: group moves beyond disagreement and organizational matters to concentrate on the work to be done. Group continues to function in this stage until -Adjourning: group disbands.

Question 21

Multilevel perspective:

Answer 21

examining group behavior from several different levels of analysis, including individual level (micro), group level (meso), and organizational or societal level (macro).

Question 22

Hawthorne effect:

Answer 22

a change in behavior that occurs when individuals know they are being studied by researchers.

Question 23

Interaction Process Analysis (IPA)

Answer 23

: a structured coding system developed by Robert Bales used to classify group behavior into task-oriented and relationship-oriented categories.

Question 24

Systematic multiple level observation of groups (SYMLOG):

Answer 24

a theoretical and structured coding system developed by Robert Bales which assumes that group activities can be classified along three dimensions: dominance versus submissiveness, friendliness versus unfriendliness, and acceptance of versus opposition to authority.

Question 25

Reliability:
Validity:

Answer 25

• the degree to which a measurement technique consistently yields the same conclusion at different times.
• the degree to which a measurement method assesses what it was designed to measure.

Question 26

Sociometry:

Answer 26

a research technique developed by Jacob Moreno that graphically and mathematically summarizes patterns of intermember relation (who likes who).

Question 27

Sociogram:

Answer 27

• a graphic representation of the patterns of intermember relations created through sociometry. In most cases each member of the group is depicted by a symbol, such as a lettered circle or square, and the types of relations among members are depicted with capped lines.

Question 28

Bona fide group:

Answer 28

a naturally occurring group (particularly when compared to an ad hoc group created by a researcher in a laboratory study), such as an audience, board of directors, club, or team.

Question 29

Scapegoat:

Answer 29

an individual or group who is unfairly held responsible for a negative event and outcome; the innocent target of interpersonal hostility.

Question 30

Experiment:

Answer 30

a research design in which the investigator manipulates at least one variable by randomly assigning participants to two or more different conditions and measuring at least one other variable.
Major advantage: the ability to draw causal inferences.
Major disadvantage: basing conclusions on contrived situations that say little about the behavior of groups in more naturalistic settings.

Question 31

Social exchange theory:

Answer 31

an economic model of interpersonal relationships which argues that individuals seek out relationships that offer them many rewards while exacting few costs

Question 32

Systems theory:

Answer 32

a general theoretical approach which assumes that groups are systems – collections of individual units that combine to form an integrated, complex whole.

Question 33

Input-process-output (I-P-O) model:

Answer 33

any one of a number of general conceptual analyses of groups that assumes group processes mediate the relationship between individual, group, and situational input variables and resulting group outcomes.