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PAT401 > W1: Cardiovascular Alterations > Flashcards

W1: Cardiovascular Alterations Flashcards

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1
Q

Disorders of pericardium

A

Acute Pericarditis
Constrictive/restrive Pericarditis
Percardial Effusion

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2
Q

Acute Percarditis

A

acute inflammation of the eprcardium

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3
Q

Acute Percarditis: CM

A

fever
malaygia
malaise
sudden onset of severe chest pain

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4
Q

Acute Percarditis: Tx

A

rest
salicylates
non-steroidal inflammatory drugs (nonsteroidals + colchicine)

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5
Q

Restrictive Percarditis

A

fibrous scarring + calcification of percardium = parietal and visceral layers of percarium sticking

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6
Q

Restrictive Percarditis: CM

A

exercise intolerance
dyspnea upon exertion
fatigue
anorexia

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7
Q

Restrictive Percarditis: Tx

A

dietary restriction of sodium
diueretics (CO)
antiinflammatory drugs
surgical excision

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8
Q

Percardial Effusion

A

accumulation of fluid in percardial cavity

tamponade

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9
Q

Percardial Effusion: Tx

A

percardiocentesis

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10
Q

Disorders of the myocardium: overview

A

d/t neurohumoral responses to ischemic heart disease OR HTN –> remodelling

cause is idiopathic

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11
Q

Cardiomyopathies

A

dilated cardiomyopathy

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
- hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy
- hypertensive / valvular cardiomyopathy

restrictive cardiomyopathy

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12
Q

Dilated Cardiomyopathy

A

impaired systolic function –> inc. intracardiac volume, ventricular dilation, systolic HF

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13
Q

Dilated Cardiomyopathy: Cause

A

ischemic heart disease
hypothyroidism
alcohol
drug toxicity
valvular disease
renal faliure
diabetes
infection
dec. Vit D, selenium, niacin

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14
Q

Dilated Cardiomyopathy: CM

A

dyspnea
fatigue
pedal edema

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15
Q

Dilated Cardiomyopathy: Tx

A

dec. BV
inc. contractility
reverse underlying cause

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16
Q

Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy

A

defect of thick septal wall

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17
Q

Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy: CM

A

angina
syncope
palpitation
symps of MI
symps of L. HF

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18
Q

Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy: Tx

A

beta-blockers, ACE Inhibators
surgical resection
septal ablaiton
cardioverterfibrillators (high-risk)

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19
Q

Hypertensive/Valvular Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

A

hypertrophy of the myocytes- to compensate for inc. cardiac workload

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20
Q

Hypertensive/Valvular Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: CM

A

asymptomatic
angina
syncope
dyspnea upon exertion
palpitationsR

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21
Q

Restrictive Cardiomyopathy

A

myocardiu becomes rigid + non-complicant = impedes ventricular filling, increased filling pressure during diastole

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22
Q

Restrictive Cardiomyopathy: CM

A

R-Heart Faliure
systemic venous congestion

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23
Q

Restrictive Cardiomyopathy: Tx

A

treat underlying cause

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24
Q

Valvular Heart Disease: Tx

A

fluig mgt
valve repair/replacement + LT anticoagulation therapy + lifelong antibiotic prophylaxis before invasive procedure

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25
What to valaves normally do?
maintain normal direction of blood flow
26
Most common cause for valvular heart disease
rheumatic heart disease
27
Valvular Heart Disease: patho
wear and tear hyperlipdemia, HTN, infammation --> calcification (stenosism, regurg, arrythmias)
28
Valvular Stenosi
narrowing of the orrifice
29
Aortic Stenosis
narrowing of the aortic valve orrifice = dec BF from LV into aorta
30
Aortic Stenosis: CM
angina dyspnea syncope
31
Aortic Stenosis: Tx
valave repair/ replacement + LT anticoag therapy transcatheter aortic valve implantation
32
Aortic Stenosis: patho
stenosis --> inc LV pressure --> LV dec contractility ---> inc LA pressure --> pulmonary edema (cough, dyspnea, orthopenea) AND dec CO --> tissue ischemia (oliguria, stroke, syncope, angina)
33
Mitral Stenosis
narrowing of the mitral valve impaired BF from LA -> LV d/t rheumatic fever
34
Mitral Stenosis: Tx
valve repair/replacement
35
Mitral Stenosis: Patho
stenosis --> inc LV pressure --> LV dec contractility ---> inc LA pressure --> pulmonary edema (cough, dyspnea, orthopenea) AND dec CO --> tissue ischemia (oliguria, stroke, syncope) AND LA dilation --> Afib --> palpitation
36
Aortic Regurgitation
can't close during diastole
37
Aortic Regurgitation: CM
widened pulse pressure
38
Aortic Regurgitation: Tx
inatrophic agents vasodilators valve replacement
39
Mitral Regurgitation
backflow of blood from LV into LA
40
Mitral Regurgitation: Cause
mitral valve prolapse rheumatic heart disease infective endocarditis MI connective tissue disease dilated cardiomyopathy
41
Mitral Regurgitation: Tx
surgical repair valve replacement
42
Triscupid Regurgitation
volume overload in RA and RV --> inc systemic venous pressure --> R HF
43
Mitral Valve Prolapse Syndrome
anterior and posterial cusps of the mitral valave prolapse into the LA during systole
44
Mitral Valve Prolapse Syndrome: CM
asymptomatic
45
Mitral Valve Prolapse Syndrome: tX
None or beta blockers
46
Classification of Congenital Heart DIsease
based on blood flow 1. inc pulmonary bf (L-R, pulm congestions, acyanotic) 2. dec pulm blood flow (R-L, cyanosis) 3. obstructive lesions (outflow tract obstruction, no bf, no shunting) 4. mixing lesions (blood mixing)
47
Acyanotic Heart Defects
L-->R shunt inc volume on the R side inc bf in pulmonary circulation blood still gets oxygenated before entering systemic ciruclation, no decrease in deoxygenation, cyanosis
48
Cyanotic Heart Defects
R--> L shunt dec bf through pulmonary system dec oxygenation = cyanosis
49
Acyanotic: classifications
inc blood flow obstruction bf from ventricles
50
Cyanotic: classifcations
dec pulmonary bf mixed blood flow
51
Acyanotic: Inc Pulmonary bf
atrial septal defect ventricular septal defect patent ductus arteriosus atrioventricular canal defect
52
Acyanotic: Obstruction to bf from ventricles
coarctation of aorta aortic stenosis pulmonic stenosis
53
Cyanotic: dec pulm bf
tetralogy of fallot tricuspid artesia
54
Cyanotic: mixed blood flow
transposition of the great arteries total anamolous pulmonary venous connection tricuspid arteriosus hypoplastic L heart syndrome
55
Patent Ductus Atreiosus
ductus arteriosus doesn't close (usually closes after birth) before birth it allows blood to shunt from pulmonary artery to aorta
56
Patent Ductus Atreiosus: CM
machinery type murmur bounding pulses active precordium thrill upon palpitation S/S pulmonary overcirculation
57
Patent Ductus Atreiosus: tx
surgical closure
58
Atrial Septal Defect
abnormal comm btw atria (L --> R shunt)
59
Atrial Septal Defect: CM
symptomatic dx with murmur
60
Atrial Septal Defect: Types
1. ostium primum 2. ostium secondum 3. sinus venosus
61
Atrial Septal Defect: Tx
surgical closure before school age
62
Ventricular Septal Defect
abnormal communication btw ventricles ( L --> R)
63
Ventricular Septal Defect: CM
HF poor weight gain murmur + systolic thril
64
Ventricular Septal Defect: Tx
minimal tx before surgical repair
65
Atrioventricular Septal Defect
d/t nonfusion endocardial cushions abn. in atrial + vent septal & AV valves complete, partial, transitional AVC
66
Atrioventricular Septal Defect: CM
murmur HF resp tract infections
67
Atrioventricular Septal Defect: tx
repair btw 3-6 mo
68
Coarctation of Aorta
narrowing of thr aorta lumen = dec BF usually juxtaductal position but can be from thr aortic arch --> bifurcation of the aorta in the lower abdomen
69
Coarctation of Aorta: CM (newborns)
HF hypotension --> acidosis --> shock
70
Coarctation of Aorta: CM (older kids)
HTN (upper extrem.) absent pulses (lower extrem) cool motteled skin leg cramps during exercise
71
Coarctation of Aorta: Tx
prostaglandim administration inatrophic agents mechanical ventilation maintain CO surgery
72
Aortic Stenosis
narrowing of aortic outflow tract d/t malformation/fusion of the cusps = inc LV workloard
73
Aortic Stenosis: CM
asymptomatic murmur exercise intolerance (preadolescence) syncopal episodes epigastric pain exhertional CP
74
Aortic Stenosis: Tx
ross procedure aortic valvotomy commisturotomy
75
Pulmonic Stenosis
narrowing of the pulmonic outflow tract or valve pulmonic atresia thickening of leaflets
76
Pulmonic Stenosis: CM
asymptomatic exhertional dyspnea murmur fatigue thrill cyanosis HF
77
Pulmonic Stenosis: Tx
mild; none severe: pulmonic valvotomy balloon angioplasty
78
Tetralogy of Fallot
1. large ventricular septal defect 2. pulmonary stenosis 3. ovverrriding aorta straddles ventricular septal defect 4. R ventricular hypertrophy
79
Tetralogy of Fallot: CM
cyanosis hypoxia clubbing feeding difficulty dyspnea restlessness squatting tet spell: crying exhertion
80
Tetralogy of Fallot: Tx
surgery <1yr blalock-taussing shunt transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement patch
81
Tricuspid Atresia
blocked tricuspid valve no communciation btw RA & RV - septal defect -hypoplastic/absent RV -enlarged mitral valve or LV -pulmonic stenosis
82
Tricuspid Atresia: CM
cyanosis growth faliure exhertional dyspnea tachypnea hypoxemic polycythemia clubbing hepatomegaly
83
Tricuspid Atresia: Tx
blalock-taussing shunt PA band rashkind procedure prostaglandin administration closure of septal defects

PAT401 (6 decks)

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