W1 PP1 Flashcards by Melissa Reid

Collective Activity

The effect of cells working together as a group. Accomplish more

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Complementarity

The concept that biochemical activity of all cells is dictated by specific sub-cellular structures

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The Cell Theory has 4 basic concepts

1) cell is basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms
2) the activity of any organism depends on both the individual and collective activities of cells
3) complementarity is the concept that biochemical activity of all cells is dictated by specific cellular structures
4) the continuity of life from one generation to the next has a cellular basis

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Robert Hooke

Discovered the cell

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Matthias Schleiden

Said plants are made of cells

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Theodor Schwann

Said all animals are made of cells

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Rudolf Virchow

All cells come from other cells

Debunked theory of spontaneous generation

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Anton van Leeuwenhoek

One called animals called “animalcules”

Father of microbiology

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Characteristics of all living organisms

Cellukar organization
contain similar chemicals
use energy
grow and develop
respond to their surroundings
reproduce

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All cells have

A surrounding membrane
Protoplasm/cytoplasm
Organelles
Control center with DNA

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Cell Wall

Found only in plant cells
Plant cells are surrounded by both a cells wall and a cell membrane
Animal cells only have cell membrane

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Does the cell have the ability to adapt

Yes like in the case of a patient who has had a stroke. The neuron maintains neuroplasticity. The brain will learn new functions and pathways of communication

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Eukaryotes have higher functions than prokaryotes

Prokaryote has no nucleus but DNA located in a center called nucleoid

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Prokaryote characteristics

Nucleoid
Lack histones
Few organelles
Oldest cell type on earth 
Often single cells organism 
Simple primitive cells when compared to euks

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Examples of prokaryotes

Cyanobacteria, bacteria, and rickettsiae

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4 basic shapes of bacteria

Cocci (spherical)
Bacilli (rod-shaped)
Spirochete (spiral)
Vibrio (comma-shaped)

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Eukaryote characteristics

Organelles
Well defined nucleus with several chromosomes (largest organelle)
Higher animal, plants, fungi, Protozoa, &algae

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Differences in biochemical activity of eukaryotes

-Protein synthesis
-Transport across outer cell membrane
-Enzyme content/present
Prokaryotes do not

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Cell membrane is

Selectively permeable
Lipid bilayer
% of each component depends on cell function
Fluid mosaic model

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Lipid bilayer has which lipids?

Phospholipids, glycolioids. And cholesterol

Amount of all components depends on cell function and exposure

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What are some enzymesthat redistribute lipids across the membrane

Flippases, floppases, and
Scramblases

These enzymes make the membrane assymmetrical which could signal the cell for communal tasks like apoptosis

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What are some proteins in the membrane

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Integral and peripheral

Endocytosis

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Enters cell

Exocytosis

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Leaves cell

The lipid bilayer

Is part of the fluid mosaic model. | Lipid bilayer is 2 dimension & what gives the cell membrane is fluidity & elasticity.

The fluid mosaic model describes how the cytoskeleton

Relates to the cell membrane and affects cell processes such as signaling, apoptosis, and cell division

Areas with special lipid and protein composition that restricts lateral diffusion in the membrane

Lipid rafts

What regulates membrane fluidity?

The amount of cholesterol. The cell membrane is always dynamic and moving never hard

Lipids are

- Amphipathic - Allow for the diffusion of simple gases and prevent the diffusion of water - molecular glue - membrane lipid rafts. Allows membrane to transport some molecules

Protein functions in cell membrane | Slides say they’re all integral

- Cell Adhesion Molecules - Surface Markers - Receptors - Transport channels - carriers - enzymes - catalysts

Plasma membrane helps

Main role: Minimize misfolding and protein aggregation Regulated by: -Ribosomes (makers) -Chaperones (helpers) -Proteolytic systems 1 lysosomes 2 Ubiquitin-Proteasome System (UPS) Malfunction of protein homeostasis associated with human disease

Phospholipids

1) biologic containment 2) transport - diffusion - ion pumps - channels - endocytosis - exocytosis 3) Identification of self 4) Signaling - integral proteins - Vesicles - phagocytosis

What does scramblase do?

Scramblase redirects phosphatidylserine from the inside the bilayer to the outside marks the cell for phagocytosis

Cholesterol is present in the plasma membrane

``` Has a steroid-ring structure Determines fluidity Strengthens bilayer Decreases permeability Stabilized and regulates integral proteins ```

Carbohydrates

Protection Lubrication Recognition Adhesion

Double membrane inside the cell

Nuclear envelope. Enclosed child filled layer called nucleoplasm

Cytoplasm

Cytosol + organelles

Mitochondria

``` Cellular energy metabolism ATP generation Osmotic Regulation pH control Calcium homeostasis Cell signaling Apoptosis ```

Mitochondrial diseases

Check picture

4 major cellular metabolisms

Digestion Glycolysis Citric acid cycle Oxidative phosphorylation

Metabolism has two parts

Catabolism and anabolism

Anabolism

Energy using | Build things up?

Catabolism

Energy releasing | Break things down?

Digestion

Extracellular breakdown of proteins, fats, polysaccharides to subunits

Glycolysis

Intercellular breakdown of subunits to pyruvate Anaerobic Limited ATP produced

95% of solutes in bloody fluid are

Electrolytes

What are electrolytes measured in

Millequivalents per liter Monovalent charge (+) Divalent (++)

Hydrostatic pressure and blood pressure are examples of

Filtration

Osmolality vs osmolarity

Osmolality is weight! Per kilogram Osmolarity is volume! Per liter

Endocytosis

Visible formed and moved into the cell - pinocytosis: ingestion of fluids - phagocytosis: ingestion if large particles

Exocytosis

Replaces plasma membrane removed by endocytosis | Releases synthesized molecules into extracellular matrix

Cellular communications

Cell to cell Membrane bound receptors Secreted molecules bypass other membrane GAP junctions ``` Contact dependent Paracrine vs autocrine Hormonal Neurohirmine secretion Neurotransmitter ```

G1, S, G2, mitosis

G1 cell growth S DNA Replication G2 preparation for mitosis Mitosis: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

Cellular division rates depend on

Protein growth rates Genetic factors Epigenetic factor

W1 PP1 Flashcards

(54 cards)