W1 Slides Flashcards
(29 cards)
Why conduct research?
- To Know
* To Understand
List the Ways of Knowing in Nursing: Sources of Knowledge (T.A.T.E.L.S)
- Tradition
- Authority
- Trial Error
- Experience, intuition
- Logical Reasoning
- Scientific Method/ Research
List Carper’s Patterns of Knowing:
∗Empirics—the science of nursing
∗Aesthetics—the art of nursing
∗Personal knowing
∗Ethics or moral knowing
Research links?
- Theory
- Practice
- Education
Historical perspectives: scientific approach to development of knowledge
Characterized by?
Order: inquiry conducted following a logical series of steps, according to a pre-specified plan
Control: some aspect of what we are studying to minimize error/bias which threaten our conclusions/validity.
Empiricism: facts are grounded in objective reality
Generalization: gain knowledge that is transportable from specific situation to the general
Assumptions challenged: The advent of qualitative research
Reality/knowledge is constructed by human mind or social interactions
Events not necessarily causal & predetermined
What can you tell me about Qualitative Research?
concerned primarily with process, rather than outcomes or products.
interested in meaning ¬how people make sense of their lives, experiences, and their structures of the world.
primary instrument for data collection and analysis. Data are mediated through this human instrument, rather than through inventories, questionnaires, or machines.
involves fieldwork. The researcher physically goes to the people, setting, site, or institution to observe or record behavior in its natural setting.
descriptive in that the researcher is interested in process, meaning, and understanding gained through words or pictures.
The process of qualitative research is inductive in that the researcher builds abstractions, concepts, hypotheses, and theories from details.
What are the Philosophies of Research Paradigms?
Quantitative/Empirical analytic/positivist/received
Qualitative/Naturalistic/perceived
Science comes form a word meaning “knowledge”
Philosophy comes from a word that means “wisdom”
Research is based on philosophical beliefs known as worldviews OR paradigms
Describe Research Paradigms?
“Paradigms are sets of beliefs and practices, shared by communities of researchers, which regulate inquiry within disciplines” (Olson, 2006, p. 459)
- Paradigm is form a Greek word meaning “pattern”
- Definition of paradigm
“Paradigms are sets of beliefs and practices, shared by communities of researchers, which regulate inquiry within disciplines”
What are the Basic Tenets of Research Paradigms?
- Epistemology “truth”–
- Ontology “reality”
- Context “setting”
- Goals “purpose”
- Values “ meaning”
- Researcher stance
- Methodology
Define Epistemology
Epistemology deals with what we know, that is, “truth”. The origins, nature, and limits of knowledge are included. Epistemology deals with why and how we know some things and what constitutes our knowing.
Ontology (from the Greek onto, meaning “to be”)
Ontology is the science or study of being or existence and its relationship to nonexistience.
Deals with what is real (versus fictitious or appearance) and with nature o f reality (or matter).
There are two views of reality: in the received or positivist view, one reality exists and human kind seeks to learn the laws of nature, whereas in the perceived or constructivist view, reality is constructed differently by different people. For example what the client perceives as real and important may go unnoticed by nurses.
Define Contex
Context refers to the environment where something occurs. The context of research studies can include physical settings, such as the hospital or home, or less concrete “environments” such as the context that cultural understandings and beliefs bring to an experience.
Define Deductive reasoning: “top-down
- Theory about topic of interest (Theory)
- Narrow down to more particular hypothesis that is tested (Hypothesis)
- Collect data/observations with specific data (observation)
- Original hypothesis confirmed (or not) ( confirmation
Describe Inductive reasoning: “bottom up”
Broader generalizations (ending point), develop conclusions/theory (theory)
Tentative hypothesis formulated & explored/studied ( Tentative Hypothesis)
Look for patterns (inductive reasoning is more exploratory) ( Pattern)
Specific observations & measures (starting point) ( Observation)
Define Nursing Research
Research: systematic, logical, and empirical inquiry into a phenomenon to produce verifiable knowledge
(qualitative & quantitative)
Purpose: to improve practice & health outcomes of patients
Expands the discipline’s unique body of scientific knowledge
Forms the foundation for evidence-based nursing practice
Describe Evidence-based Practice
Evidenced-based nursing refers to “the incorporation of evidence from research, clinical expertise, client preferences, and other available resources to make decisions about patients” (CNA, 1998, p. 1).
The conscious and judicious use of the current “best” evidence relating to client care and health care system delivery
Research use/utilization requires:
Valuing research as one way of developing knowledge for nursing
Ability to find relevant research
Knowledge of sound research practices
Ability to critical evaluate research findings
Enables knowledge obtained from research to be transformed into clinical practice
Practice becomes evidence-based
What is the different terminology used for Evidence Based Practice?
∗Evidence-based practice
∗Evidence informed decision making
∗Evidence-based medicine
Key elements: look at the best available scientific evidence and combine that with 2 things:
- Patient preference
2. Practitioner expertise
Evidence Based practice Research use/utilization requires nurses to:
Value research as one way of developing knowledge for nursing
Have the ability to find relevant research
Have knowledge of sound research practices
Have the ability to critical evaluate research findings
What are the Roles of Nurses in Research?
∗ Consumer/ decision-maker
∗ Change champion
∗ Participant/subject
∗ Investigators/producers (research team member)
∗ Primary investigator or co-investigator
Define Consumer Role
All nurses should be intelligent consumers of research ∗ A consumer: −Actively uses and applies research −Understands the research process −Critiques research accurately
Define the team members role
Participate in some aspect of health- related research studies
− Example: collect data, engage in research protocol as part of a study
