W1: Topography Of Brain And Spinal Cord

Question 1

What is the Neurocranium?

Answer 1

Contains and protects the brain

Question 2

What is the pterion?

Answer 2

Where the frontal, parietal, temporal and sphenoid bone meet.

Question 3

Why is the pterion an important landmark?

Answer 3

It’s fragile, so if someone receives an injury to it, it can be broken. The artery that passes deep to this point is the middle meningeal artery - this can be damaged.

Question 4

What is the viscerocranium?

Answer 4

Bony framework of the face. Contains the organs.

Zombies Punch My Very Manly Nose In

Question 5

What bones make up the hard palate?

Answer 5

Maxillary bone and palatine bone

Question 6

What are the fossa divided into?

Answer 6

Anterior cranial fossa, middle cranial fossa, posterior cranial fossa

Question 7

What CN leaves the skull through the cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone?

Answer 7

CNVI olfactory nerve

Question 8

What CN leaves the skull through the optic canal?

Answer 8

CNII optic nerve

Question 9

What CN leaves the skull through the superior orbital fissure?

Answer 9

CNIII, CNIV, CNV1, CNVI

Question 10

What CN leaves the skull through the foramen rotundum?

Answer 10

CNV2

Question 11

What CN leaves the skull through the foramen ovale?

Answer 11

CNV3

Question 12

What CN leaves the skull through the internal acoustic meatus?

Answer 12

CNVII, CNVIII

Question 13

What CN leaves the skull through the jugular foramen?

Answer 13

CNIX, CNX, CNXI

Question 14

What CN leaves the skull through the hypoglossal canal?

Answer 14

CNXII

Question 15

What does the CNS consist of?

Answer 15

Brain and spinal cord

Question 16

What does the PNS consist of?

Answer 16

All nervous tissue outside CNS, spinal nerves and cranial nerves

Question 17

How many cerebral hemispheres are there?

Answer 17

2, right and left

Question 18

What is the frontal lobe responsible for?

Answer 18

Planning and command of movement

Question 19

What is the parietal lobe responsible for?

Answer 19

Sensory processes from body and organs

Question 20

What is the occipital lobe responsible for?

Answer 20

Visual processes

Question 21

What is the temporal lobe responsible for?

Answer 21

Auditory processes

Question 22

What are sulci?

Answer 22

A sulcus is a depression in the brain

Question 23

What are gyri?

Answer 23

A gyrus is a bridge

Question 24

What is the central sulcus?

Answer 24

Separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe.

Separates the pre central gyrus (primary motor cortex) and the post central gyrus (primary sensory cortex)

Question 25

What is the lateral fissure?

Answer 25

Separates the temporal lobe from the parietal and frontal lobe

Question 26

What is the longitudinal fissure?

Answer 26

Separates the 2 cerebral hemispheres. Seen in coronal view

Question 27

Difference between a fissure and sulcus?

Answer 27

A fissure is deeper than a sukcus

Question 28

What makes up the brainstem?

Answer 28

Midbrain, pons, medulla

Question 29

How is the cerebellum attached to the brainstem?

Answer 29

Through the inferior, middle and superior peduncles.

Question 30

What is the corpus callosum?

Answer 30

A bridge/connection between hemispheres. White matter in coronal view.

Question 31

How is grey and white matter arranged in the brain?

Answer 31

Grey on outside, white on inside

Question 32

What is grey matter?

Answer 32

Collection of cell bodies

Question 33

What is white matter?

Answer 33

Myelinated axons

Question 34

Lateral sulcus

Answer 34

A sulcus in the coronal view

Question 35

Role of the cerebellum

Answer 35

Responsible for coordinating voluntary movements.

Question 36

What are the 2 cerebellum hemispheres separated by?

Answer 36

The vermis in the midline. Posterior and anterior lobes.

Question 37

What are ventricles?

Answer 37

Spaces within the CNS that produce CSF.

Question 38

How many lateral ventricles are there?

Answer 38

2, one in left hemisphere and one in right hemisphere

Question 39

What other ventricles are there?

Answer 39

Third and fourth ventricles

Question 40

What is CSF?

Answer 40

Cerebrospinal fluid is found within the ventricles and all around the brain and spinal cord, nourishing and protecting the nervous system.

Question 41

What are the meninges?

Answer 41

3 membranous layers | Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater (outside to inside)

Question 42

What is the falx cerebri?

Answer 42

The dura mater folds to separate the left and right cerebral hemispheres.

Question 43

What is the tentorium cerebelli?

Answer 43

Separates the cerebral hemispheres from the cerebral hemispheres.

Question 44

What is a sinus?

Answer 44

Where venous blood passes through. Spaces between 2 layers of dura mater. NOT VEINS.

Question 45

Which layer contains the blood vessels?

Answer 45

The arachnoid mater

Question 46

What is a subdural haematoma?

Answer 46

Shown on the MRI | Shifts the brain away from the midline.

Question 47

Where is CSF produced?

Answer 47

Choroid plexus, mostly in lateral ventricles

Question 48

How does the CSF circulate?

Answer 48

Through the ventricular system from lateral ventricles into the third ventricle into the fourth ventricle, out into subarachnoid space, surrounding CNS. Reabsorbed by arachnoid granulations - outcroppings in the venous sinuses in the dura mater.

Question 49

Function of CSF

Answer 49

Protection, nourishment and waste removal

Question 50

Vertebral column parts

Answer 50

Cervical (7), thoracic (12), lumbar (5) sacrum, coccyx vertebra

Question 51

What passes through the vertebral column?

Answer 51

The spinal cord

Question 52

When does the spinal cord begin?

Answer 52

After the brainstem

Question 53

How is grey and white matter arranged in the spinal cord?

Answer 53

Outer layer is white matter, inner is grey matter | GreyH shape

Question 54

Why are there different shapes through the vertebra?

Answer 54

Cervical and lumbar are enlarged. | In cervical region we will find the formation of a plexus (network of nerves), cervical and brachial plexii

Question 55

What does the cervical plexus innervate?

Answer 55

Structures in the head and neck

Question 56

What does the brachial plexus innervate?

Answer 56

Upper limbs

Question 57

Is the spinal cord surrounded by meninges?

Answer 57

Yes

Question 58

Where do the spinal nerves exit?

Answer 58

The intervertebral foramina

Question 59

Where does information travel through in the spinal cord?

Answer 59

The myelinated axons - white matter - periphery of the spinal cord Ascending and descending tracts

Question 60

What is an ascending tract?

Answer 60

Information travels from the outside upto the brain - sensory

Question 61

What is a descending tract?

Answer 61

Information travels from the brain out - motor information

Question 62

Difference between cell bodies in PNS and CNS

Answer 62

CNS cell bodies = nuclei | PNS cell bodies = ganglia

Question 63

Cervical plexus roots

Answer 63

C1-C4/C5

Question 64

Brachial plexus roots

Answer 64

C5-T1

Question 65

Nerves of the brachial plexus

Answer 65

``` Musculocutaneous nerve (C5-C7) Median nerve (C6-C8,T1) Radial nerve (C5-C8,T1) Ulnar nerve (C7,C8,T1) ```

Question 66

Nerves of the cervical plexus

Answer 66

Cutaneous nerves | Phrenic nerve

Question 67

Lumbosacral plexus

Answer 67

``` T12-L4 = lumbar plexus L4-S4 = sacral plexus ```