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FHS Q2 Midterms > w2 > Flashcards

w2 Flashcards

1
Q

Belief system based on supernatural rather than natural laws. Causes of disease were expected to be supernatural (caused by spirits, ghosts, or gods). Moreover, home remedies and rituals were performed to drive away the evil spirits during this period.

A

Ancient Times (???-400 AD)

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2
Q

boring hole through skull related to attempt to relieve headaches or epilepsy, remove evil spirits, or relieve the increased pressure caused by head injury.

A

Trephining

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3
Q

Christianity became increasing center of power during this period. People also believed that diseases were punishment for sins, possession by devil, or result of witchcraft. Monks also preserved written medical texts and monasteries served as centers of learning to maintain knowledge.

Moreover, Christians emphasized saving the soul, not the body. Treatment methods were prayer, penitence, and assistance of saints. (Anointing of the Sick). Any cure was considered a miracle. At the Council of Tours in 1163, the church proclaims that they “do not shed blood”. Since most physicians were clergymen, they were no longer able to perform surgery.

A

Medieval Times (400- 1350 AD)

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4
Q

time of “Revival of learning and science”. First attempts to connect autopsy results with clinical observations made during life started during this period. Accurate anatomical drawings were now available for study which led to a tremendous growth in inquiry of how body was structured and how it worked.

A

Renaissance (1350 – 1650)

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5
Q

During this period, there was an increasing interest in experimentation and observation. Studies in anatomy continued, but the study of physiology was also now investigated. William Harvey, an Englishman, stated that blood circulates the body within a continuous network of vessels. Only the mechanical aspects of the system were addressed.There was also an increasing interest in experimentation and observation. Studies in anatomy continued, but the study of physiology was also now investigated.There was also an increasing interest in experimentation and observation. Studies in anatomy continued, but the study of physiology was also now investigated.

A

17th Century

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6
Q

During this period, researchers and theorists still struggled with an explanation of how the body functioned.
Three theories were first proposed:
The body functioned like a hydraulic pump that was run by an undefined fluid flowing through the nervous system.
Every disease was the result of overstimulation or inability to respond to stimulation.
Treatment was then either a depressant or a stimulant.
Depressant- reducing functional or nervous activity
Stimulant- increase alertness and energy

Direct clinical observation was used to define and categorize diseases. 2400 diseases were described but some are just the same because of varied symptoms.

A

18th Century

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7
Q

hospitals were built that could hold many patients. Advances in physiology continued. Emphasis moved from individual organs to the identification of the more specific tissues. There was also an increase in medical knowledge. Physicians and surgeons were united into one profession.

Pharmacology was established as a new science. Dentists introduced anesthesia and this practice expanded to major surgical procedures. The first school of nursing was created in 1836 by the German clergyman Theodor Fliedner. (deaconess training center).

Louis Pasteur, a chemist, proved that specific microorganisms called bacteria are the cause of specific diseases in both humans and animals. The results of his work created the development of the germ theory. Pasteurization is the process of heat processing a liquid or a food to kill pathogenic bacteria to make the food safe to eat.

A

19th Century

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8
Q

states that many diseases are caused by microorganisms. In 1864, Lord Joseph Lister, applied the germ theory to his surgical practice by reasoning that microorganisms could also fall into open surgical wounds. He is the Father of Antiseptic Surgery.

A

Germ Theory

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9
Q

In 1867, _______________ used a
stomach pump to treat stomach
diseases. It increased knowledge
in dietetics and use of tube feedings.

A

Adolf Kusmaul

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10
Q

In 1921, Karl Landstainer of Vienna discovered blood groups. It made blood transfusion of blood products safe for the first time in history. Chemotherapy was used to fight cancer. Antibiotics were developed to fight various infections caused by bacteria. Treatment of allergies.Geriatrics became a specialty. Chronic illnesses are very common during this period.

A

20th Century

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11
Q

father of medicine

A

Hippocrates

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12
Q

the code of ethics for practicing physicians

A

Hippocratic Oath

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13
Q

4 “humors” or body fluids in man:

A

1.The Blood
2. The Phlegm
3. Yellow Bile
4. Black Bile

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14
Q

the study of urine has been passed down from ancient times

A

Urinalysis

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15
Q

“oldest of laboratory procedures today”

A

Urinalysis

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16
Q

traced the beginning of medical technologist, 1500 BC, when intestinal parasites such as Taenia and Ascaris were first identified.

A

Vivian Herrick

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17
Q

1632, invented and improved the compound microscope.
- first to describe red blood cells, to see protozoa, and to classify bacteria according to shape.

A

Anton Van Leuwenhoek

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18
Q

greatest of the early microscopist
- “founder of pathology” – embryology and anatomy

A

Malphigi (1628-1694)

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19
Q

performed the first quantitative test for urine sugar.

A

Herman Fehling (1848)

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20
Q

opened the first clinical laboratory in 1896 by Dr. William Osler

A

John Hopkins Hospital

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21
Q

one of the first schools of training workers.
- first to offer a degree level program, “Courses in Medical Technology for Clinical and
Laboratory Technicians”, believed in 1923

A

University of Minnesota

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22
Q

jewel of ancient Mesopotamia, often called the cradle of civilization, provides the earliest known record of practice of the art of the apothecary.

A

Babylon

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23
Q

(about 2600 B.C.) practitioners of healing of this era

A

Priest

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24
Q

emperor who sought out and investigated the medicinal value of several value herbs.
- wrote the first Pen T-Sao, or native herbal, recording 365 drugs
Days of the Papyrus Ebers

A

Shen Nung

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25
Q
  • a collection of 800 prescriptions, mentioning 700 drugs
    • best known and most important pharmaceutical record
A

Days of Papyrus Ebers

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26
Q

Father of Botany. about 300 B.C., among the greatest early Greek philosophers and natural scientist, “father of botany”
- his observations and writings dealing with the medical qualities and peculiarities of
herbs are unusually accurate, even in the light of present knowledge.

A

Theophrastus

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27
Q

A Scientist Looks at Drugs, rule for
Collection of drugs

A

Dioscorides

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28
Q

contributed mightily to such a transition in Pharmacy, he recorded what he observed, promulgated excellent rules for collection of drugs, their storage and use

A

Pedanios Dioscorides

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29
Q

Colonial America’s first hospital (Pennsylvania) Pharmacy in 1752

A

Philadelphia

30
Q

first hospital Pharmacist

A

Jonathan Roberts

31
Q

Pharmacy’s Patron Saints

A

Damian and Cosmas

32
Q

Patron Saints, the apothecary, the physician

A

Damian, Cosmas

33
Q

twin brothers of Arabian descent, and devout Christians, they offered the solace of religion as well as the benefit of their knowledge to the sick who visited them

A

Damian and Cosmas

34
Q

could be said to have its roots in the “home”

A

Nursing

35
Q

they innovated within the field by creating 2 fully-developed hospitals within the great city of Constantinople, which housed both male and female nurses

A

Byzantine Empire

36
Q

These nurses during the Byzantine Empire helped to push forward nursing on a more global scale

A

hypourgoi

37
Q

the first Spanish hospital was created, with many of its nurses being supplied by the Catholic church. They were explicitly told to care for all of the sick, no matter their nation of origin or the religion they belonged to.

A

Merida, Spain

38
Q

Lady with the Lamp”
-Her efforts in reforming hospitals and in producing and implementing public health policies
-First nurse to exert political pressure on government
-She is also recognized as nursing’s first scientist-theorist for her work “Notes on
Nursing: What It Is, and What It Is Not”

A

Florence Nightingale

39
Q

was a school teacher who volunteered
as a nurse during the American Civil War
noted for her role in establishing the American
Red Cross

A

Clara Barton

40
Q

was America’s first trained nurse.
is known for introducing nurse’s notes and doctor’s orders. - she also initiated the practice of nurses wearing uniforms.

A

Linda Richards

41
Q

was the first African American nurse
she constantly worked for the acceptance of African Americans in nursing and for the promotion of equal opportunities.

A

Mary Mahoney

42
Q

is considered the founder of public health nursing

A

Lilian Wald

43
Q
  • where the real medical facilities were built and available made the US army, which includes “26th Medical Laboratory of the 6th US army”.
  • now it is known as the Public Health Laboratory, a division of the Manila Health Department.
  • trainees were mostly high school graduates and paramedical graduates. The training proved to be ineffective because the trainees were never motivated and there was no program that was supposed to last
    for a definite period and no certificates were issued to trainees.
A

Quiricada, Sta. Cruz Manila

44
Q
  • instructed Dr. Sta. Ana to prepare a formal syllabus of the training program and it begun 1954.
A

Dr. Pio de Roda

45
Q

offered the first B.S. Medical Technology course
- located in Caloocan, Rizal (now located in Silang,Cavite)

A

Philippine Union College of Baesa

46
Q

PUC first graduate, who is an OB-gynecologist and owner of Omega Lab, Vito Cruz Manila

A

Dr. Jesse Umali

47
Q

faculties of Pharmacy in University of Santo Tomas offered medical technology as an elective to 4th and 5th year B.S Pharmacy students

A

Dr. Antonio Gabriel and Dr. Gustavo Reyes

48
Q
  • 4-year B.S Medical Technology course was given in UST
A

June 14, 1961

49
Q

run by Dominicans and one of the oldest and largest Catholic Universities in the Philippines, established the first pharmaceutical institution.
- was founded in 1871
- the Pharmacy curriculum was designed for 6 years during the Spanish regime but was
reduced to 5years during American administration

A

UST

50
Q

first and largest drugstore in the Philippines during the 19th century
- it was founded by Dr. Lorenzo Negrao in Manila 1n 1830

A

Botica Boie

51
Q

1st licensed pharmacist in the country
- he graduated in 1875 from Ateneo Municipal de Manila

A

Leon Maria Guerrero Leogardo

52
Q

Pharmacy Law
- act regulating the practice of pharmacy and setting standards of pharmaceutical education in the Philippines and of other purpose

A

RA 5921

53
Q

one who practiced witchcraft
- Persons suffering from diseases without any identified cause were believed bewitched
by“mangkukulam”or“manggagaway”

A

Herbicheros

54
Q

ere acknowledged as Spanish Friars’ assistants for caring sick individuals in the hospital.
Certain practices when taking care of a sick individuals entails interventions from babaylan (priest physicians) or albularyo (herb doctor)

A

Male nurses: practicante, enfermero

55
Q

it was established mainly to care for the Spanish king’s soldiers, but also admitted Spanish civilians; founded by Gov. Francisco de Sande

A

Hospital Real de Manila(1577)

56
Q

founded by Brother Juan Clemente and was administered for many years by the Hospitalliers of San Juan de Dios; built exclusively for patients with leprosy.

A

San Lazaro Hospital (1578)

57
Q

established by the Franciscan Order; service was in general supported by alms and contributions from charitable persons.

A

Hospital de Indios (1586)

58
Q

She is the wife of Jose Rizal. She was installed in a field hospital in an estate in Tejeros that provide nursing care to the wounded night and day.

A

Josephine Bracken

59
Q

She converted their house into quarters for Filipino soldiers during the Philippine-American War in 1899.

A

Rose Sevilla de Alvaro

60
Q

She complemented Emilio’s military campaigns by caring for wounded soldiers and their families. In 1899, as the president’s consort, she established the Hijas de la Revolución (Daughters of the Revolution) that later became Asociación de la Cruz Roja (Red Cross Association).

A

Hilaria de Aguinaldo

61
Q

She nursed the wounded Filipino soldiers and gave them food and shelter.

A

Melchora Aquino (Tandang Sora)

62
Q

Ina Ng biyak na bato. Stayed in a hospital at Biak na Bato to care for the wounded soldier.

A

Trinidad Tecson

63
Q

She was a revolutionary leader in Laguna who also provided nursing services to her troops.

A

Agueda Kahabagan

64
Q

She was the second wife of Emilio Aguinaldo. She provided nursing care to Filipino soldiers during the revolution, President of the Filipino Red Cross branch in Batangas.

A

Dona Maria Agoncillo de Aguinaldo

65
Q

Americans began training the first Filipino nursing students.
- The first hospital in the Philippines which trained Filipino nurses was Iloilo Mission Hospital, established by the Baptist Missionaries.

A

1906

66
Q

allowing Filipino nursing student to study in United States. Among of the first wave of nurses who went to United States

A

Pensionado Act of 1903

67
Q

The hospital was established by the Archbishop of Manila, Jeremiah Harty under the supervision of the Sisters of St. Paul de Chartres located in Intramuros. It provided general hospital services. It opened its training school for nurses in 1908, with Mother Melanie as superintendent and Miss Chambers as Principal.

A

Saint Paul’s Hospital School of Nursing (Manila, 1907)

68
Q

In 1907, with the support of Governor General Forbes and the Director of Health and among others, she opened classes in nursing under the Auspices of the Bureau of Education. Admission was based on an entrance examination. The applicant must have completed elementary education to the seventh grade. Julia Nichols and Charlotte Clayton taught the students nursing subjects. American physician also served as lecturers.

A

Philippine General Hospital School of Nursing (Manila, 1907)

69
Q

The hospital is an Episcopalian Institution. It began as a small dispensary in 1903. In 1907, the school opened with three girls admitted. These three girls had their first year in combined classes with the PGH School of Nursing and St. Paul’s Hospital School of Nursing. Miss Helen Hicks was the first principal. Mrs. Vitaliana Beltran was the first Filipino superintendent of nurses and Dr. Jose Fores was the first medical director of the hospital.

A

St. Luke’s Hospital School of Nursing (Quezon City, 1907)

70
Q

It started as a small dispensary on Calle Cervantes (now Avenida). It was called the Bethany Dispensary and funded by the Methodist Mission for the relief of suffering among women and children. In 1907, Sister Rebecca Parrish together with registered nurses Rose Dudley and Gertude Dreisbach, organized the Mary Johnston School of Nursing. The nurses’ training course began with three Filipino young girls fresh from elementary as their first students.

A

Mary Johnston Hospital and School of Nursing (Manila, 1907)

71
Q

The United Christian Missionary Society of Indianapolis, Indiana- a Protestant organization of the disciples of Christ operated three schools of nursing.

A

Philippine Christian Mission Institute Schools of Nursing

FHS Q2 Midterms (1 decks)

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