W2 - BACTERIAL GROWTH Flashcards by Zari Ami

3 types of classification system

Numerical classification
Phylogenetic classification
Phenotypic classification

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Basis: frequency of trait-sharing (phenetics)

Numerical taxonomy

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Numerical taxonomy is also called

Computer taxonomy

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Has 20 biochemical tests for bacteria identification; collect/compile posi/nega reactions in the biochemical test

Analytical Profile Index (API)

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ID VALUE: 32143

Enterobacter cloacae
Enterobacter sakazakii

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ID VALUE: 32143 E. cloacae (Atypical test result & Confirmatory test)

Sorbitol- = -

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ID VALUE: 32143 E. sakazakii (Atypical test result & Confirmatory test)

Urea+ = +

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ID VALUE: 32161 (Atypical test result & Confirmatory test)

None = V-P+

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ID VALUE: 32162 (Atypical test result & Confirmatory test)

Citrate- = no confirmatory test

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Automated instrument for bacterial identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing

VITEK 2

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Basis: genetic similarity and evolutionary relatedness

Phylogenetic classification

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3 domains of phylogenetic classification

Bacteria
Archaea
Eukaryota

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Phylogenetic classification: Bacteria

(Green ProTABS PC+; 9)

Green filamentous bacteria
Proteobacteria
Thermotoga
Aquifex
Bacteroides Cytophages
Spirochetes
Planctomyces
Cyanobacteria
Gram positives

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Phylogenetic classification: Archaea

(MethaTHaloP; 7)

Methanobacterium
Methanococci
Methanosarcina
T. celer
Thermoproteus
Halophiles
Pyrodicticum

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Phylogenetic classification: Eukarya

(PEAS FC FT MD; 10)

Plants
Entamoebas
Animals
Slime molds
Flagellates
Ciliates
Fungi
Trichomonads
Microsporidia
Diplomonads

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Basis: overall similarities

Phenotypic classification

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Observable characteristics (phenotypic classification)

Microscopic characteristics
Colony morphology

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Group or level of classification

Taxa/Taxon

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Hierarchical system within domains (high to low)

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

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Basic unit of taxonomy

Species

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Represents a specific, recognized type of organism; identified by comparison w known “type strains”

Species

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No mixture of oth organisms

Pure culture

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An organization that stores and provides standard cultures to the academe, researchers, etc.

American Type Culture Collection (ATCC)

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Num of times an organism was cultured

Passage

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Limit of pure culture passages

Population of microbes descended from a single individual or pure culture

Strain

Strains represent - within a species

Genetic variability

3 classification of strains

Biovars Morphovars Serovars

Differ in their biochemical and physiological characteristics

BIOVARS

Differ in morphology

Morphovars

Strains based on antigenic property or serum

Serovars

Ex. Biovars

Ureaplasma urealyticum

Ex. Morphovars

Corynebacterium diptheriae ● Coyrnebacterium mitis ● Corynebacterium intermedius ● Corynebacterium gravis

Ex. Serovars

Salmonella enterica

Escherichia coli honors -

Theodor Escherich

Main resource for determining the identity of bacteria species, utilizing every characterizing aspect

Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology

Major elements

(MICHON PSP) Magnesium Iron Calciuum Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosporus Sulfur Potassium

Trace elements

(M2C2Z) Manganese Molybdenum Cobalt Copper Zinc

Function of elements

Act as co-factors for enzymatic reactions

Phototroph energy source & 2 processes

Light Anoxygenic (no o2 presence) Oxygenic (w/ o2 presence)

Nutritional types of chemotroph

Chemolitotrophs Chemoorganotrophs

Chemotroph energy source

Chemical (Inorganic chemicals and Organic chemicals)

Autotroph (Canophiles) carbon source

Co2

Heterotroph carbon source

Organic compounds

essential substances that the organism is unable to synthesize from available nutrients

Growth factors

Required for the synthesis of nucleic acid.

Purines and pyrimidines

Required for the synthesis of proteins

Amino acids

Required for the synthesis of coenzymes and certain enzymes

Vitamins

Organisms that require a variety of growth factors to gr

Fastidious organisms

Organisms that strictly require oxygen for them to grow

Obligate aerobes

Organisms that can grow with or without the presence of oxygen; Produces ATP via AEROBIC RESPIRATION

Facultative Anaerobes

Organisms that don’t need the presence of oxygen for them to grow

Obligate anaerobes

Organisms that do not really need the presence of oxygen for them to grow; Even with the presence of oxygen, they can still survive

Aerotolerant anaerobes

Organisms that can grow with the presence of a little amount of oxygen

Microaerophiles

Organisms that can grow with or without the presence of oxygen; Produces ATP via ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION

Facultative aerobes

Obligate aerobes, most facultative anaerobes

Superoxide dismutase: + Catalase: + Peroxidase: -

Most aerotolerant anaerobes

Superoxide dismutase: + Catalase: - Peroxidase: +

Obligate anaerobes

Superoxide dismutase: - Catalase: - Peroxidase: -

Tests for streptococcus

PYR BEA Taxo A Taxo B

can grow in low/cold temperatures ○ Usually 0 —20 °C

Psychrophiles

Psychrophiles known as

Psychrotrophs / Facultative psychrophiles Psychroduric

○ 20 —45 °C ○ Almost room temperature — body temperature ○ Most pathogenic organisms

Mesophiles

Above 45 °C (hot-loving)

Thermophiles

grow beyond boiling point: 100 °C

Hyperthermophiles

Organisms that love moist environment

Humidophiles

Organisms that love dry environment

Xerophiles

Only common solute that occurs over a wide concentration range

Salt (NaCl)

organisms that are able to live in environments that are high in sugar

Osmophiles

Mild halophiles

1-6% salt

Moderate halophiles

6-15% salt

Extreme halophiles

15-30% salt

● Does not require salt in order for them to grow ● BUT can tolerate the presence of salt for their survival

Halotolerant

Movement of a SOLUTE from high concentration to low concentration

Simple diffusion

Solute combined with transporter protein in order for them to move across the membrane; needs ATP

Facilitated diffusion

Movement of WATER from an area of ↑ H2O concentration to an area of ↓ H2O

Osmosis

Pressure required to stop H2O movement across the membrane

Osmotic pressure

No net movement of water

Isotonic [isosmotic] solution

Extracellular water enters the cell that may cause the cell to burst (osmotic lysis)

Hypotonic [hypoosmotic] solution

Water molecules moves out of the cell causing it to shrink (plasmolysis)

Hypertonic [hyperosmotic] solution

Ph of most bacteria

Ph 6.5-7.5 (7.2-7.6); slightly alkaline

Ph of molds and yeasts

Ph 5-6 (acidic)

Bacteria that can grow well below optimum pH

Acidophile (pH 2-5)

Grow best in optimum pH

Neutrophile (pH 7)

Bacteria that can grow best on alkaline conditions

Alkaliphile (pH 8-9)

Range of ph which the organism cannot grow

Min ph and max ph

Binary fission process

1. Cell elongates and DNA is replicated 2. Cell wall and plasma membrane begin to divide 3. Cross-wall forms completely around divided DNA 4. Cells separate into two

4 phases of bacterial growth curve

Log phase Lag phase Stationary/Plateau phase Death/Logarithmic decline phase

Adjustment period; no growth and death of bacteria

Lag phase

○ exponential phase/exponential growth phase ○ means of replication of bacteria through binary fission

Log phase

number of cell death is equal to number of new bacteria produced

Stationary/Plateau Phase

All bacteria enter death phase

Death/Logarithmic Decline Phase

Causes exponential growth/ log phase to stop

Waste product accumulation Exhaustion of nutrients Toxin production Harmful pH change

● The time it takes for an organism to double its number ● Time required for a cell to divide

Doubling time

W2 - BACTERIAL GROWTH Flashcards

(93 cards)