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BI111 > W2 Ch. 17 > Flashcards

W2 Ch. 17 Flashcards

Microevolution

1
Q

What is the evolution of the humpback whale an example of?
a. homology
b. microevolution
c. macroevolution
d. analogy

A

b. Microevolution

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2
Q

Which of the following is the most accurate definition of microevolution?
a. a heritable change in the genetics of a population over time
b. natural selection leading to adaptation over time
c. the occurrence of a series of mutations over time
d. the origin of major new forms of life over time

A

a. A heritable change in the genetics of a population over time

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3
Q

Which of the following best describes microevolution?
a. the formation of a new species
b. the occurrence of a new mutation
c. a change in allele frequencies within a population
d. the gradual change in the form of fossils over geological time

A

c. A change in allele frequencies within a population

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4
Q

Which of the following best describes the condition in which evolution could have taken place?
a. when a population experiences a shift in allele frequencies
b. when a mutation occurs in a population
c. when a feature of an individual animal changes through use or disuse d. when a population has different forms of the same gene

A

a. When a population experiences a shift in allele frequencies

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5
Q

Which of the following defines characters between individuals that exist in two or more discrete states?
a. quantitative variation
b. qualitative variation
c. genetic variation
d. punctuated equilibrium

A

b. Qualitative variation

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6
Q

Which of these characteristics is an example of qualitative phenotypic variation?
a. the lengths of people’s toes
b. the body sizes of pigeons
c. human ABO blood types
d. the number of leaves on oak trees

A
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7
Q

Which of the following best explains variation that approximates a bell-shaped curve when plotted on a bar graph?
a. The variation is undergoing disruptive selection
b. The variation is undergoing stabilizing selection
c. The variation is quantitative
d. The variation is qualitative

A

c. The variation is quantitative

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8
Q

In an isolated population of fruit flies, 4% of the individuals have pink eyes, a homozygous recessive condition, and 96% have the dominant black eye phenotype. What percentage of the population are heterozygotes?
a. 4% b. 16% c. 32% d. 48%

A

c. 32%

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9
Q

For which of the following is the Hardy–Weinberg formula valuable?
a. calculating changes in population size
b. calculating changes in speciation
c. calculating changes in allele frequencies
d. calculating changes in mutation

A

c. Calculating changes in allele frequencies

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10
Q

Which of the following is NOT a condition for genetic equilibrium?
a. The population is not migratory to other populations
b. The population is closed to migration from other populations
c. The population is infinite in size
d. The population is small in size

A

d. The population is small in size

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11
Q
  1. In which of the following sexually reproducing populations does the Hardy–Weinberg principle of genetic equilibrium tell us what to expect?
    a. in a population that is decreasing with each generation b. in a population that is increasing with each generation c. in a population that is evolving
    d. in a population that is not evolving
A

d. In a population that is not evolving

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12
Q

Which of the following will disrupt Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium the least?
a. directional selection
b. stabilizing selection
c. migration
d. reduction to a small population size

A

b. Stabilizing selection

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13
Q

Which of the following processes listed below will NOT disrupt Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium?
a. non-random mating
b. natural selection
c. migration
d. punctuated equilibrium

A

d. Punctuated equilibrium

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14
Q

What is the one measurement we have to make if we want to know the percentage of particular genotypes within an actual population, assuming complete dominance and two alleles?
a. the frequency of heterozygous phenotypes b. the frequency of heterozygous genotypes
c. the frequency of dominant phenotypes
d. the frequency of recessive phenotypes

A

d. The frequency of recessive phenotypes

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15
Q

All the population attributes listed below can be calculated with the Hardy–Weinberg equation EXCEPT which one?
a. the frequency of heterozygotes
b. the frequency of a dominant allele
c. the frequency of a recessive allele
d. the frequency of mutation

A

d. The frequency of mutation

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16
Q

Which of the following is a correct expression of the Hardy–Weinberg equation?
a. p + q = 0
b.p2 +pq–q2 =1
c. p2 +2pq+q2 =0
d.p2 +2pq+q2 =1

A

d.p2 +2pq+q2 =1

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17
Q

There are two alleles for a gene in a population, and the frequency of the dominant allele (p) is 0.50. What is the frequency of the recessive allele (q)?
a. 0.05 b. 0.25 c. 0.50 d. 0.75

A

c. 0.50

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18
Q

What does “2pq” represent in the Hardy–Weinberg equation?
a. homozygous recessive genotypes
b. heterozygous genotypes
c. homozygous dominant genotypes
d. heterozygous phenotypes

A

b. Heterozygous genotypes

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19
Q

If the frequency of the recessive allele (q) for a particular two-allele gene in a population is 0.20, what percentage of the individuals in the population will be heterozygotes for that gene?
a. 0.16 b. 0.20 c. 0.32 d. 0.80

A

c. 0.32

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20
Q

In a colony of 100 guinea pigs, 16 show the recessive trait of bristly hair. What is the frequency of the recessive allele in the population?
a. 0.400 b. 0.160 c. 0.040 d. 0.016

A

a. 0.400

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21
Q

In a colony of 100 guinea pigs, 16 show the recessive trait of bristly hair. What is the percentage of heterozygotes in the population?
a. 24% b. 36% c. 48% d. 52%

A

c. 48%

22
Q

Studies of chromosomal and mitochondrial DNA suggest that every locus exhibits some variability in its nucleotide sequence. Which of the following does NOT apply in those studies?
a. Every locus exhibits some variability in its nucleotide sequence among individuals from a single population
b. Every locus exhibits some variability in its nucleotide sequence between populations of the same species
c. Every locus exhibits some variability in its nucleotide sequence between related species
d. Every locus exhibits some variability in its nucleotide sequence within an individual

A

d. Every locus exhibits some variability in its nucleotide sequence within an individual

23
Q

Which of the following does directional selection favour?
a. intermediate phenotypes
b. phenotypes at one end of the distribution
c. phenotypic extremes at both ends
d. heterozygotes

A

b. Phenotypes at one end of the distribution

24
Q

What is the natural selection that shifts the adaptation of an entire population called? a. stabilizing selection
b. directional selection
c. disruptive selection
d. artificial selection

A

b. directional selection

25
Q

What would a change of environmental conditions most likely cause in an existing species?
a. disruptive selection
b. mutation
c. stabilizing selection
d. directional selection

A

d. directional selection

26
Q

Which process below is NOT a component of natural selection?
a. genetic drift
b. overproduction of offspring
c. limitations in vital resources
d. genetic variation

A

a. genetic drift

27
Q

Which of the following is the source of new alleles in a population?
a. natural selection
b. mutation
c. microevolution
d. genetic drift

A

b. mutation

28
Q

A baby is born with wrinkled, poorly-formed skin and blood vessels prone to rupturing. What can we say the baby has inherited?
a. a lethal mutation
b. a deleterious mutation
c. an advantageous mutation d. a partial mutation

A

b. a deleterious mutation

29
Q

Which of the following best characterize mutations that confer no apparent selective advantage or disadvantage in a particular environment?
a. random mutations
b. deleterious mutations
c. neutral mutations
d. stabilizing mutations

A

c. neutral mutations

30
Q

According to the modern synthetic theory of evolution, what does the accumulation of mutations over time result in?
a. microevolution
b. adaptation
c. an increase in genetic variation
d. speciation

A

c. an increase in genetic variation

31
Q

Which of the following is NOT an agent of microevolutionary change? a. mutation
b. gene flow
c. random mating
d. genetic drift

A

c. random mating

32
Q

Which of the following processes results in microevolution without any form of natural selection?
a. genetic drift
b. mutation
c. development of new characteristics during an individual’s lifetime
d. genetic variation

A

a. genetic drift

33
Q

If individuals move from one population to another, it may cause a shift in allele frequencies. What causes this shift?
a. genetic drift
b. directional selection
c. mutation
d. gene flow

A

d. gene flow

34
Q

In which of the following scenarios will genetic drift have a progressively larger impact on allele frequencies in a population?
a. when gene flow increases
b. when population size decreases
c. when mutation rate decreases
d. when random mating increases

A

b. when population size decreases

35
Q

What does a sudden reduction in population size generally result in?
a. extinction
b. mutation
c. speciation
d. genetic drift

A

d. genetic drift

36
Q

Imagine that the only survivors of a colony on Venus are a man and a woman, who happen to be both originally from southern Ukraine. Which of the following will their descendants show?
a. genetic drift
b. punctuated equilibrium
c. excessive mutation
d. heterozygote advantage

A

a. genetic drift

37
Q

Because of fluctuations in the environment, such as depletion of food supply or an outbreak of disease, a population may periodically experience a rapid and marked decrease in the number of individuals, leading to a form of genetic drift. What is this form of genetic drift called?
a. a founder effect
b. migration
c. gene flow
d. a genetic bottleneck

A

d. a genetic bottleneck

38
Q

What is the production of random evolutionary changes in small breeding populations known as?
a. gene flow
b. genetic drift
c. disruptive selection
d. mutation

A

b. genetic drift

39
Q

Which of the following is the least likely result of a genetic bottleneck?
a. an increase in the frequency of the less common allele
b. allele frequencies identical to the previous generation
c. a decrease in the frequency of an uncommon allele
d. a decrease in the frequency of the most common allele

A

d. a decrease in the frequency of the most common allele

40
Q
  1. What is the founder effect a type of?
    a. natural selection
    b. mutation
    c. genetic drift
    d. gene flow
A

c. genetic drift

41
Q
  1. What is the contribution that an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation in relation to the contributions of other individuals called?
    a. competition
    b. genetic drift
    c. relative fitness
    d. gene flow
A

c. relative fitness

42
Q

What is inbreeding primarily due to?
a. migration
b. non-random mating
c. mutation
d. adaptive radiation

A

b. non-random mating

43
Q

What is balanced polymorphism in a population likely the result of?
a. disruptive selection
b. sexual selection
c. directional selection
d. stabilizing selection

A

a. disruptive selection

44
Q
  1. What is the stable presence of more than one allele for a particular gene in a population called?
    a. balanced polymorphism
    b. mixed gene pool
    c. mutation pressure
    d. genetic drift
A

a. balanced polymorphism

45
Q

What does natural selection result in?
a. adaptation
b. mutation
c. a new species
d. genetic drift

A

a. adaptation

46
Q

What is any product of natural selection that increases the relative fitness of an organism in its environment called?
a. mutation
b. adaptive trait
c. adaptation
d. variation

A

b. adaptive trait

47
Q

Which evolution-related events are in the correct cause-and-effect sequence?

A

Mutation > variation > natural selection > adaptation > speciation

48
Q

People with the disease known as sickle cell anemia are often better able to survive malaria. What is the cause of this?
a. balanced polymorphism
b. heterozygote advantage
c. disruptive selection
d. stabilizing selection

A

b. heterozygote advantage

49
Q

Under what circumstance might measuring the frequency of homozygous recessive genotypes lead to erroneous predictions of allele frequencies in a population?
a. The population is under Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. b. The population is affected by heterozygote advantage. c. The population has undergone genetic drift in the past.
d. The population is affected by homozygote advantage.

A

b. The population is affected by heterozygote advantage.

50
Q

Match each of the following definitions with the correct agent.
a. gene flow
b. non-random mating
c. genetic drift
d. mutation
e. natural selection

A

A heritable change in DNA ANSWER: d

Change in allele frequencies as individuals join a population and reproduce ANSWER: a

Random changes in allele frequencies caused by chance events ANSWER: c

Differential survivorship or reproduction of individuals with different genotypes ANSWER: e

Choice of mates based on their phenotypes and genotypes ANSWER: b

51
Q

Match the Hardy–Weinberg factor with the correct genetic designation.
a. frequency of heterozygotes
b. frequency of the dominant allele
c. frequency of the recessive allele
d. the total gene pool for a gene with two alleles
e. frequency of homozygous recessive genotypes
f. frequency of homozygous dominant genotypes

A

p ANSWER: b
q ANSWER: c
q2 ANSWER: e
p2 ANSWER: f
2pq ANSWER: a
p + q ANSWER: d

BI111 (14 decks)

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