w3 heart anatomy

Question 1

where are the base and apex of the heart located

Answer 1

base- faces the bodies of vertebrae T6–T9

comprised primarily of the left atrium along with the posterior aspect of the right atrium

apex- intercostal space 5

comprised of the inferolateral portion of the left ventricle

Question 2

what are the borders of the heart

Answer 2

-right: right atrium

-left: left auricle and left ventricle

-superior: right and left atria and their auricles, bases of the great vessels

-inferior: mostly right ventricle, some left ventricle at the apex

Question 3

the esophagus courses posterior to what structure of the heart

Answer 3

left atrium

Question 4

what makes up most of the right and left border of the heart

Answer 4

right atrium

left ventricle

Question 5

what is the function of auricles

Answer 5

“flappy” muscular pouches continuous with the right and left atria, may function as blood volume reservoirs or areas that allow pressure relief during ventricular systole

Question 6

are pectinate muscles in the atrium or ventricle

Answer 6

atrium

Question 7

what is teh remnant of the fetal ductus arteriosus

Answer 7

ligamentum arteriosum ( ligament bridging the left pulmonary artery to the aortic arc)

Question 8

where does the left recurrent laryngeal nerve run relative to the ligamentum arteriosum as it loops under the aortic arch

Answer 8

posterior

Question 9

what attaches to the cusps of the atrioventricular valves to prevent polapse

Answer 9

papillary muscles in the interior walls of the ventricles that attach to the cusps of the atrioventricular valves via chordae tendineae

• contract during ventricular systole to prevent prolapse of the AV valves
• often named for the cusp to which they attach (three papillary muscles for the tricuspid, two for the mitral/bicuspid)

Question 10

what allows the papillary muscle to contract with proper timing

Answer 10

moderator band

found in the right ventricle that carries fibers of the AV bundle branch to the right anterior papillary muscle

Question 11

define the conus arteriosus

Answer 11

smooth-walled superior portion of the right ventricle that directs blood out of the right ventricle and into the pulmonary trunk

Question 12

what is the function of the pericardial cavity

Answer 12

lubricates the heart’s movement within the mediastinum

helps anchor the heart within the mediastinum

limits the heart’s movement

limits over-filling of the heart

and provides a physical barrier against insults such as infection

Question 13

what passage allows a surgeon to isolate the isolate the aorta and pulmonary trunk

Answer 13

transverse pericardial sinus

Question 14

outline the flow of blood through the heart

Answer 14

SVC/IVC ➤ right atrium ➤ tricuspid valve ➤ right ventricle ➤ pulmonary semilunar valve ➤ pulmonary trunk ➤ pulmonary aa. ➤ lungs ➤ pulmonary vv. ➤ left atrium ➤ mitral (bicuspid) valve ➤ left ventricle ➤ aortic semilunar valve ➤ ascending aorta

Question 15

what valves are open during systole

Answer 15

aortic and pulmonary

Question 16

what valves are open suring diastole

Answer 16

atrioventricular valves

Question 17

does atrial contraction occur during diastole or systole

Answer 17

diastole

Question 18

ID the 4 valves

Answer 18

tricuspid valve (right atrioventricular valve)

• prevents backflow of blood from the right ventricle into the right atrium
• three cusps: anterior, posterior, and septal (medial)

pulmonary semilunar valve (pulmonic valve)

• prevents backflow from the pulmonary trunk into the right ventricle
• three cusps: anterior, right, and left

mitral valve (bicuspid, left atrioventricular valve)

• prevents backflow from the left ventricle into the left atrium
• two cusps: anterior and posterior

aortic semilunar valve

• prevents backflow from the aorta into the left ventricle
• three cusps: right, left, and posterior (non-coronary)

Question 20

which valves must sustain the highest pressure

Answer 20

AV valve this is why they are anchored by papillary muscles

Question 21

what occurs during the lub dub heart sound

Answer 21

ventricular systole & ejection

AV valves close: “lub”

semilunar valves open

ventricular diastole & filling

semilunar valves close: “dup”

AV valves open

Question 22

how is coronary dominance determined

Answer 22

artery that supplies the posterior interventricular branch (posterior descending artery, PDA) determines the “coronary dominance” of the heart.

Question 23

what artery supplies the anterior portions of right ventricle

Answer 23

left coronary artery (LCA)

Question 24

where does the right and left coronary artery branch from

Answer 24

aorta

Question 25

what supplies the Endocardium

Answer 25

receives nutrients directly from the blood within the heart’s chambers

Question 26

what artery supplies the interventricular septum anterior 2/3

Answer 26

left coronary artery (LCA)

Question 27

what supplies the AV bundle and branches

Answer 27

left coronary artery

Question 28

what supples the posterior portion of the left ventricle

Answer 28

right coronary artery

Question 29

what supplies the epicardium and myocardium

Answer 29

left and right coronary arteries

Question 30

is the myocardium of the heart perfused during systole or diastole

Answer 30

diastole