W3 - Trainability of the Youth Athlete

Question 1

Katch’s Trigger Hypothesis

Answer 1

Predicts that there will only be small training-induced biological alterations present pre-pubertally because of the lack of hormonal control…

Post-puberty exercise induced changes are well documented + follow predictable patterns.

• Has now been disproved.

Question 2

Katch’s hypothesis involved having the right “hormonal soup”

What did this include

Answer 2

Genetic potential (Genes)

Functional changes (growth, size, body composition)

Puberty (Hormone control)

Organic adaptations (CV, skeletal, muscular, nervous + respiratory)

Superior Performance

Question 3

Why is peak VO2 measured a lot in paediatric literature?

Answer 3

Sets functional upper limit of body to deliver + utilise O2 for physical exercise

Related to CV risk factors + diseases prognosis in children – Good health marker

Exercise prescription/effects of training

Determinant of endurance performance

Ease of measurement in standard labs

Question 4

What is NOT the reason for why there are significant differences between age-related + sex-related changes in peak VO2?

Answer 4

Body mass

Question 5

Trained children + peak VO2

Answer 5

When appropriately modelled, trained boys + girls peak VO2 increases with age.

Still, question remains…

Is this due to normal growth + maturation or training?

Question 6

Why do trained young people have a superior VO2 peak to their untrained counterpart?

Answer 6

Cardiac output should be considered for this

Question 7

Are training induced increases in peak VO2 evident for young athletes?

Answer 7

Yes

Irrespective of growth + maturation

Question 8

What may contribute to higher peak VO2 in trained youth?

Answer 8

Increased peripheral O2 utilisation

Question 9

Why do trained youth demonstrate faster peak vo2 kinetics compared to untrained?

Answer 9

Due to central + perisperhal adaptations

Question 10

Trained children demonstrate what to be occurring at higher intensities that untrained peers?

Answer 10

LT + GE threshold

Question 11

List some limitations of using cross-sectional designs + their outcomes

Answer 11

Is nature or nurture the cause?

Adequate control group is not always present.

Training programme isn’t always described, volume not standardised or objectively quantified.

Question 12

What is the major determinant of the rise in peak VO2 during growth + maturation?

Answer 12

Stroke volume

Question 13

What explains the 9-15% increase in peak VO2 in children after a 13 week cycling training programme?

Answer 13

Concomitant rise in SV (11-15%)

Question 14

What are the key parameters that can be used to test the influence of training on aerobic fitness?

Answer 14

Peak VO2/VO2 max

LT or GE threshold

Exercise economy

VO2 kinetics

Question 15

What are the key parameters that can be used to test the influence of training on anaerobic fitness?

Answer 15

Peak power

Mean power

Fatigue index

Question 16

(McNarry, Welsman, & Jones, 2010a; Rowland, Bougault et al., 2009; Rowland, Garrard et al., 2009).

Answer 16

Recent studies show that pre-pubertal & pubertal children do demonstrate training-induced increases in peak VO2

The extent to which, remains controversial but a meta-analysis suggests an increase of 5-6% is typical in children (Baquet, Van Praagh, & Berthoin, 2003).

Question 17

Meta-analysis reported that training interventions must involve …….for an influence of training status to be manifested (Baquet et al., 2003).

Answer 17

High exercise intensities (>80% peak HR)

Question 18

Exercise economy

Answer 18

Steady state O2 uptake required at a given absolute exercise intensity

Question 19

What did Astrand (1952) report?

Answer 19

That younger children + girls to have a lower running economy values than older children + boys, respectively.

Question 20

SV + [HHb] response patterns

Answer 20

Influenced by training status

Question 21

What does Overreaching result in?

Answer 21

ST performance decrements in which restoration make take days to weeks

Question 22

What does overtraining result in?

Answer 22

LT decrement in performance

Restoration might take several weeks to months

Question 23

Continuum of overtraining syndrome

Answer 23

Recovered

Functional overreaching

Non-functional overreaching

Overtraining Syndrome

Active Burn out

Burn out

Question 24

How can OTS (Overtraining syndrome) be monitored

Answer 24

HR

HRV

Biochemical markers

Blood lactate

Immune response

Profile of Mood States (POMS)