W4

Question 1

Pragmatics-

Answer 1

the branch of linguistics dealing with language in context

Question 2

Competence vs performance-

Answer 2

competence involves “knowing” the language and performance involves “doing” something with the language

Question 3

generative grammar-

Answer 3

grammar which describes a language in terms of a set of logical rules formulated so as to be capable of generating the infinite number of possible sentences of that language

Question 4

Phrase structure rules-

Answer 4

a type of rewrite rule used to describe a given language’s syntax

Question 5

Encapsulation-

Answer 5

A language mechanism for restricting direct access to some of an object’s components/ information hiding

Question 6

parsing-

Answer 6

the process of analysing a string of symbols

Question 7

modular-

Answer 7

language processing is specialised in the brain to the extent that it occurs partially in different areas than other types of information processing

Question 8

garden-path sentences-

Answer 8

a grammatically correct sentence that starts in such a way that a reader’s most likely interpretation will be incorrect

Question 9

minimal attachment-

Answer 9

the parser builds the simplest structure in terms of syntactic relations

Question 10

late closure-

Answer 10

if grammatically permissible, new items should be attached to the clause or phrase currently being processed

Question 11

incrementally-

Answer 11

the processing stages of linguistic output

Question 12

lexical ambiguity-

Answer 12

the meaning of a word is unclear

Question 13

homonym-

Answer 13

a word that is pronounced the same as another word but differs in meaning

Question 14

homonymy-

Answer 14

the relationship between words that are homonyms

Question 15

polysemy-

Answer 15

the capacity for a sign to have multiple related meanings

Question 16

metonymy-

Answer 16

an object or idea is referred to by the name of something closely associated with it, as opposed to by its own name

Question 17

detonation-

Answer 17

a words literal definition—its dictionary definition—and contains no emotion

Question 18

connotation-

Answer 18

the subjective or associated meaning of a word

Question 19

synonym-

Answer 19

a word or phrase that means exactly or nearly the same as another word

Question 20

antonym-

Answer 20

a word opposite in meaning to another

Question 21

outline garden path model

Answer 21

reader initially computes a single syntactic analysis without consideration of context

Question 22

outline constraint-satisfaction theory

Answer 22

all possible syntactic analyses are computed at once on the basis of all relevant sources of information

Question 23

what are good-enough representations

Answer 23

sufficient to understand the gist of a sentence, but involve some simplification or imprecision

Question 24

why do we not have exhaustive representation

Answer 24

would be cognitively expensive and unnecessary in many contexts

Question 25

what are grammaticality judgements based on

Answer 25

implicit knowledge of the syntactic rules of your language

Question 26

Chomsky says grammar is generative, what does this mean?

Answer 26

- There are a finite number of rules in order to express an infinite number of sentences - This is due to a property of the language known as recursion (when a rule refers to a version of itself in its definition) - We cannot have stored all the possible sentences in our heads, and we can always come up with new ones that are well-formed- rule-governed creativity - A grammar should be able to generate all possible grammatical sentences but not more

Question 27

what do modular accounts of parsing say

Answer 27

syntactic information first and on its own, subsequent processing takes other kinds of information into account (2 stage)

Question 28

what do interactive accounts of parsing say

Answer 28

say all information at the same time

Question 29

what type of model is the Frazier (1987) Garden Path Model

Answer 29

modular account

Question 30

outline Frazier (1987) Garden Path Model

Answer 30

- Stage 1- parsing done solely on basis of syntactic preferences (done on 2 principles) - Minimal attachment- go for the simplest structure - Late closure- incorporate words in the currently open phrase or clause, if possible - Stage 2- if parse is incompatible with syntax, semantics, theme, or information, reanalysis occurs

Question 31

what do constraint based models suggest

Answer 31

- we use all information that we have simultaneously to derive structure - All potentially relevant sources of information (constraints) can be used immediately to help syntactic parsing

Question 32

how does semantics differ from parsing

Answer 32

there are an unlimited number of possibilities

Question 33

outline the ordered access model (Duffy 1988)

Answer 33

- Hybrid of exhaustive and selective access models - Prior context can give “contextual boost”, increase the activation level of one meaning - Homonyms can be biased or balanced, depending on the relative frequencies of the meanings

Question 34

biased homonym-

Answer 34

where 1 meaning is much more frequent than the other meaning

Question 35

outline the underspecification model

Answer 35

- Initially we activate a single but underspecified meaning of a word, this is the same for all semantically related senses - No immediate selection of a specific sense - Context-driving homing-in stage - Means context not used as a judge, but a tool to get to the right specific interpretation

Question 36

inferences-

Answer 36

The process of developing information that goes beyond the literal meaning of the text

Question 37

3 types of inferences

Answer 37

- Logical- based on word meaning - Bridging- backward inference, meaning we relate new info that comes into to information which has already been processed, in order to maintain coherence - Elaborative- extending the text with your own world knowledge

Question 38

When are inferences made according to minimalist approach?

Answer 38

- says we only make 2 kinds of inferences - These are those necessary for local coherence, and those based on quickly available information (usually based in STM) - Most elaborative inferences are made at the time of recall, not during processing

Question 39

outline search after meaning model

Answer 39

- This is a hybrid approach - Sometimes we read more minimalist, sometimes more constructionist - This depends on the reader’s goals - Minimalist used when more cursory, faster reading, and when reader has less background knowledge - More constructionist when more in-depth, slower, reading for enjoyment

Question 40

what is theory of mind

Answer 40

- The ability to understand that other people can have different views, beliefs, mental states, and that their mental representation of the world can be different from the actual one

Question 41

when does theory of mind emerge

Answer 41

3-4 years old