W5 Lecture 3: characteristics of malignancy

Question 1

what are the similarities of benign and malignant tumours?

Answer 1

• both result in increased growth
• differentiation and anaplasia
  -have stroma

Question 2

differences between benign and malignant tumours?

Answer 2

benign: similar to the tissue of normal cell
- do not invade surrounding tissues and do not metastasis
-characteristics: slow growth, well differentiated, circumscription, lack of invasion, absence of metastases

malignant:
-look less like normal cell of orgin
-high rate of proliferation
-potentially invade and metastasize
-characterisitcs: rapid incrases in size, lack of differentiation, invading surrounding tissues, ability to metastasize to distant tissues

Question 3

what are the cytological features of malignant neoplasm include:

Answer 3

• increase in nuclear size
  -Variation in nuclear or cell size - pleomorphism
• Lack of differentiation anaplasia
• Increased nuclear DNA content - dark staining on H&E slides -
  hyperchromatic
• Prominent nucleoli or irregular chromatin distribution within nuclei.
  -Mitoses - irregular or bizarre mitoses

Question 4

macroscopic difference between benign vs malignant

Answer 4

benign: round, smooth surface, uniform cut surface, not attached to surrounding tissues, does not recur after excision

malignant: irregular mass, irregular surface, uneven cut surface, attached to skin or fixed to deep structures, tends to recur

Question 5

what are the diagnostic for neoplasia?

Answer 5

• take history and physical examination
  -radiographic technique
  -laboratory analses
  -genetic testing
  -cytology
  -tissue biopsy and surgery

Question 6

tumour grading

Answer 6

I well differentiated
II moderately d.
III poorly d.
IV nearly anaplastic

Question 7

tumour staging

Answer 7

-Tis In situ, non-invasive (confined to epithelium)
- T1 Small, minimally invasive within primary organ site
-T2 Larger, more invasive within the primary organ site
-T3 Larger and/or invasive beyond margins of primary organ site
-T4 Very large and/or very invasive, spread to adjacent organs

-N0 No lymph node involvement
-N1 Nearby lymph node involvement
- N2 Regional lymph node involvement
- N3 More distant lymph node involvement

-M0 No distant metastases
-M1 Distant metastases present