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FST2201 : Introduction to human nutrition > W6: Lipids > Flashcards

W6: Lipids Flashcards

1
Q

Total fat consumed is more important than the type of fat. True or False?

A

False, type of fat consumed is more important.

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2
Q

List examples of good fat

A

Good fat : unsaturated (mono and polyunsaturated) fat from some plant sources and fish
- fish : omega 3 fatty acids, polyunsat (EPA/DHA doscocahexanoic acid which is found in other seafood and human breast milk)
- Plants : sunflower oil / soynbean oil (rich in omega 6, polyunsat) , olive oil / canola oil (rich in monounsaturated)

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3
Q

List examples of bad fat

A

Saturated fat : from animal meat esp red meat and hydrogenation of processed foods
Trans fat(unsaturated) : from partial hydrogenation of processed foods

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4
Q

Consumption of excess fat leads to weight gain. True or false?

A

False, consuming excess calories leads to weight gain

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5
Q

fats should be kept within ____ to ____% of total calories while selecting ____ fats.

A

20-35%, healthy (unsaturated)

Note : but trans fat is unsaturated BUT unhealthy

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6
Q

What are the 3 lipid families in the diet?

A
  1. triglycerides
  2. phospholipids
  3. Sterols (cholesterol / plant sterols)
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7
Q

In triglycerides, fatty acids usually have ____ number of carbon atoms.

A

Even (carbon backbone eventually broken down into acetyl CoA which has 2 carbons each)

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8
Q

____ - carbon fatty acids are the most abundant in food

A

18

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9
Q

What are the 2 essential fatty acids that need to be supplied by the diet? Give their chemical name too.

A
  1. Linolenic acid (omega-3)
    2.Linoleic acid (omega-6)
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10
Q

Essential amino acids like linoleic (3) and linolenic (6) acids can be used to make other fatty acids, such as _____.

A

DHA
Docosahexaenoic acid

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11
Q

Omega 3 fatty acids in the diet

What is the full name of EPA? What are its functions?[2]

A

Eicosapentaenoic acid.
- important for blood clotting and blood pressure

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12
Q

Omega 3 fatty acids in the diet

What is the full name of DHA? What is its function?

A

Docosahexaenoic acid
- needed for eye and brain formation

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13
Q

Fish intake reduces risk of ____ and ____ (disease names)

A

Heart/cardiovascular disease, stroke

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14
Q

Does Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) supplementation reduce risk of heart diseases?

A

No. Only fish.

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15
Q

What is the purpose of transforming unsaturated fatty acids into saturated fatty acids (oils→ fats) in food processing?

A

Shelf life extension to prevent oxidative rancidity

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16
Q

How is trans fat produced?

A

Partial hydrogenation of cis unsaturated fats

17
Q

There is a limit to fat energy being stored in the body. True or False?

A

False, there is virtually unlimited ability to store fat energy in the body (in the form of triglycerides).
- thats why ppl get obese and there is no upper limit of weight ppl can reach.

18
Q

What are some roles of triglycerides in the body? [5]

A
  1. Provide cells with energy
  2. Skin insulation
  3. Shock absoprtion
  4. Cell membranes
  5. Signalling pathways
19
Q

What are phospholipids used for in the food industry?

A

Since phospholipids are amphiphilic (hydrophilic + hydrophobic), they are used as emulsifiers to prevent separation of water and oil layers

20
Q

What are the 2 roles of phospholipids?

A
  1. Emulsifiers
  2. Form cell membranes (phospholipid bilayer)
21
Q

Cholesterol is found in every cell of your body. True or False?

A

True

22
Q

What are the 2 main categories of sterols?

A
  1. Cholesterol (animal products)
  2. Plant sterols (functional food that lower LDL)
23
Q

Cholesterol is a building block of which 3 substances?

A
  1. Bile salts
  2. Hormones (estrogen, testosterone)
  3. Vitamin D
24
Q

Cholesterol is a major component of the ____ and the ____.

Hint : organ / body part

A

Nerves, brain

25
Q

What fraction of cholesterol is produced by liver, and what fraction needs to be obtained by diet?

A

2/3 from body, 1/3 from diet

26
Q

What does dietary cholesterol refer to?

A

Cholesterol found only in animal products in the diet

27
Q

How and what are fats emulsified by?

A

Emulsified by bile in small intestine to break down large fat globules into small fat globules.

  • bile salts attach to fat, creating small fat droplets with bile acids sticking out. Since fat is hydrophobic and bile salt is hydrophilic, bile salts stabilise the hydrophbic fat in aqueous phase of small intestine, increasing access of enzymes to fat (triglycerides) for digestion
28
Q

Bile is able to convert large fat globules into a ____ ____ consisting of small fat droplets suspended in aqueous ____.

A

Lipid emulsion, chyme

29
Q

How is lipid digested in the small intestine?

A
  • Triglyceride → monoglyceride + fatty acid (short/long chain) by pancreatic lipase
  • monoglyceride → glycerol + fatty acid (short/long chain) by pancreatic or intestinal lipase
  • long chain fatty acid → short chain fatty acid by intestinal lipase
30
Q

How are fats (triglycerides) absorbed in the small intestine and where are they transported to?

A
  • Glycerol and short chain fatty acids absorbed into blood stream (blood capillaries of villi), which can be transported to liver via the hepatic portal vein → cells or directly to cells
  • Monoglycerides and long chain fatty acids recombine into triglycerides → + protein → chylomicron (enters lympathic system) → chylomicron remnants (lipid removed by cells) transported to liver
31
Q

After short chain fatty acids / chylomicron remnants are transported to liver, liver synthesises lipids, followed by ____. What 2 kinds of ____ are formed and what are their roles?

A

Lipoprotein
- LDL : low density lipoprotein (bad cholesterol) → transports cholesterol to other cells
- HDL : high density lipoprotein (good cholesterol) → travels to cells, picks up excess cholesterol and returned into liver for breakdown/utilisation

32
Q

High density lipoproteins have higher ____ content and lower ____ content than low density liporoteins

A

protein ; cholesterol

33
Q

Chylomicrons have highest ____ content as compared to VLDL, LDL, HDL

A

Triglyceride

34
Q

What diseases can LDL cause?

A

heart disease and stroke, as LDL carries cholesterol to cells, and can build up and clog blood vessels / arteries

35
Q

Increase of ____ or ____intake, and not ____ intake, is correlated to higher LDL

A

Saturated fat or trans fat
NOT dietary cholesterol

36
Q

How to lower LDL? [3]

A
  1. Reduce saturated fat intake
  2. Reduce trans fat intake (processed food)
  3. Replace saturated fat with unsaturated fat
37
Q

What kind of fat raises blood cholesterol levels more than any type of fat?

A

Trans fat

38
Q

**As little as ____ grams of trans fat per day increases the risk of chronic disease.

A

2.2

39
Q

What is the Daily Recommended Intake (DRI) of linoleic acid and linolenic acid, in percentage of total daily energy?

A

Linoleic (omega-3) ; 5-10%
Linolenic (omega-6) : 0.6-1.2%

FST2201 : Introduction to human nutrition (10 decks)

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