W7: ELECTROTHERAPY (MEDIUM FREQUENCY CURRENT)

Question 1

Unit of measurement that indicates volume of electrical current flow.

Answer 1

Ampere (A)

Question 2

Unit of electrical charge and is defined as the quantity of an electrical charge that can be transferred by 1A in 1 second.

Answer 2

Coulomb (C)

Question 3

The difference in electrical potential difference between 2 points.

Answer 3

Volt (V)

Question 4

The force resulting from an accumulation of electrons at one point in an electrical circuit.

Answer 4

Voltage

Question 5

A pathway allowing free movement of electrons.

Answer 5

Conductors

Question 6

Is a term that defines the ease with which current flows along a conducting medium and is measured in units called siemens.

Answer 6

Conductance

Question 7

Materials that resist current flow.

Answer 7

Insulators

Question 8

The opposition to electron flow in a conducting material.

Answer 8

Electrical Impedance (Resistance)

Question 9

Are equipment that have the capabilities of taking electrical current flowing from a wall outlet and modify it to produce a therapeutic physiologic effect in human biologic tissue.

Answer 9

Electromodalities

Question 10

States that the current in an electrical circuit is directly proportional to the voltage and inversely proportional to the resistance.

Answer 10

Ohm’s Law

Question 11

Screen a visual, graphic representation of the shape, amplitude, direction, polarity, duration, and frequency.

Answer 11

Waveform

Question 12

What are the 7 treatment parameters in using electromodalities?

Answer 12

Waveform
Current modulation
Intensity
Duration
Frequency
Polarity
Size and placement

Question 13

True or False: There are 4 types of waverforms which includes sinusoidal, rectangular, triangular, and spiked.

Answer 13

False: Sinusoidal, Rectangular, SQUARE, and Spiked

Question 14

An individual waveform is referred to as?

Answer 14

Pulse

Question 15

What are the phases of waveforms?

Answer 15

Direct Current
Alternating Current
Pulse Current

(D.A.P)

Question 16

Has only a single phase which means that the current only flows in one direction to either the positive or negative pole.

Answer 16

Direct Current

Question 17

Has two phases, one in which the current flows toward the positive pole and the second phase in which the current flows towards the negative pole.

Answer 17

Alternating Current

Question 18

Has more than three phases grouped together which can flow either toward the positive or negative pole.

Answer 18

Pulse Current

Question 19

Reflects to the intensity of the current

Answer 19

Pulse Amplitude

Question 20

Rate of rise in amplitude or the rise time pulse reaches its maximum amplitude in each phase is called?

Answer 20

Pulse Rate

Question 21

The time which a pulse goes from peak amplitude to Zero V.

Answer 21

Decay Time

Question 22

A fiber that has been subjected to a constant level of depolarization will become unexcitable at that same intensity or amplitude

Answer 22

Accommodation Phenomenon

Question 23

Length of time current is flowing in one cycle

Answer 23

Pulse Duration

Question 24

Number of pulses or cycles per second

Answer 24

Pulse Frequency

Question 25

True or False: The higher the amplitude, the greater the current intensity.

Answer 25

True Recall: Pulse Amplitude - reflects the intensity of the current.

Question 26

True or False: The effects of electrical current passing through the various tissues of the body may be thermal, chemical, or physiologic

Answer 26

True All electrical currents cause a rise in temperature in a conducting tissue

Question 27

Give at least 2 indication for EC:

Answer 27

→ To activate skeletal muscle for improving performance or strengthening → To attenuate or alleviate pain → To improve blood flow, to decrease or control edema → To facilitate tissue healing

Question 28

Give at least 3 LOCAL Contraindications for EC:

Answer 28

→Pregnancy →Damaged skin →Pacemaker/implants →Malignancy →Impaired sensation

Question 29

Give at least 3 GENERAL Contraindications for EC:

Answer 29

→Carotid sinus →Impaired sinus →Hemorrhage →Thrombosis/thrombophlebitis →Eyes/ internal parts/ reproductive organs

Question 30

Give at least 3 Precautions for EC:

Answer 30

→ Cardiac disease → Impaired mentation → Reduced sensation → ** malignant rumors → Areas of skin irritation or open wounds → Undiagnosed pain → Active epiphysis

Question 31

True or False: Electrical current can cause burns.

Answer 31

True

Question 32

One active electrode is placed over the target area, and a larger dispersive electrode is placed at a distant site; often used for trigger point therapy or deep tissue stimulation. Common use: Pain modulation, iontophoresis, tissue healing

Answer 32

Monopolar

Question 33

Uses two sets of bipolar electrodes, each of which comes from a completely separate channel on the electrical stimulator. Common use: Pain modulation

Answer 33

Quadripolar

Question 34

This involves placing two electrodes over the target area. It’s commonly used for smaller muscle groups or localized pain Common use: Muscle activation, pain modulation

Answer 34

Bipolar

Question 35

What are devices that generate electrotherapeutic currents?

Answer 35

TENS NMES EMS

Question 36

Device used to stimulate peripheral nerves

Answer 36

TENS

Question 37

Terms used when electric current is being used to stimulate muscle directly as would be the case with denervated muscle where peripheral nerves are not functioning

Answer 37

NMES / EMS

Question 38

Label of Frequency that deliver between one and several thousand pulse per second

Answer 38

Low Frequency

Question 39

Greater that 10,000 pulse per second

Answer 39

High Frequency

Question 40

Have frequencies of 1000 pps to as high as 10,000 pps

Answer 40

Medium Frequency

Question 41

Is produced by the interference of two medium frequency ACs with slightly different frequencies

Answer 41

Interferential Current

Question 42

Interferential Current: Lesser frequency of the two currents interfered is called?

Answer 42

Carrier Frequency

Question 43

Interferential Current: Frequency the interfered currents are maximally in and out of synch is called?

Answer 43

Beat Frequency

Question 44

Also known as “Low-Intensity Direct Current”, low-volt pulsed current, micro electrical neuromuscular stimulator, or micro electrical stimulation.

Answer 44

Microcurrent

Question 45

Are based on pain modulation through the situation of sensory and motor nerves; selective stimulation of the large A-beta fibers for gating pain.

Answer 45

TENS

Question 46

Theory asserted that selective stimulation of the large-diameter afferent A-beta sensory fibers can result in gatin, or blocking, of noxious afferent input from smaller-diameter unmyelinated nociceptive C fibers and small myelinated A-delta fibers at the level of the spinal cord.

Answer 46

Gate Control Theory

Question 47

What are the 4 types of TENS?

Answer 47

→ High Frequency / Conventional → Acupuncture → Brief Intense → Hyperstimulation

Question 48

Type of TENS that is well suited for selective stimulation of the large A-beta fibers for gating pain. SENSATION: tingling or buzzing

Answer 48

High Frequency / Conventional TENS

Question 49

Type of TENS that elicits a motor response and its intensity should elicit a strong visible motor response, which is often seen as robust twitches corresponding to the frequency. PXs SENSATION: obvious muscle twitching and may be associated with prickling and stinging

Answer 49

Acupunture TENS

Question 50

Type of TENS that combines both high and low frequency TENS and is applied similarly in periodic and brief applications, not greater then 15 mins-for high intensity pain (common example: giving birth). SENSATION: tingling or buzzing

Answer 50

Brief Intense TENS

Question 51

Type of TENS that is often applied over acupuncture points or dermatomal distributions of peripheral nerve but not over areas of motor nerve where a strong motor response would be elicited and also work via descending opiate–mediated electroanalgesia. PXs SENSATION: obvious muscle twitching and may be associated with prickling and stinging

Answer 51

Hyperstimulation TENS

Question 52

TENS stands for?

Answer 52

Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation