W8: Client centered psychotherapy Flashcards
(94 cards)
1
Q
How do Wampold & Imel define psychotherapy?
A
An INTERPERSONAL treatment (talk+relationship) based on psychological PRINCIPLES (empirically derived). Involves a TRAINED therapist and a client who is seeking HELP.
It is intended by the therapist to be REMEDIAL. It is adapted/INDIVIDUALIZED for the particular client and their disorder/problem/complaint.
2
Q
Levels of psychotherapy: Supportive approach
What is the ultimate goal of this approach?
A
Goal is to resolve EQUILIBRIUM, to deal with stress until they can get back to their healthy lifestyles. To SUPPORT their ALREADY HEALTHY characteristics.
3
Q
Levels of psychotherapy: Supportive approach
Does this approach change the individual’s personality?
A
No, this approach does not change characteristics of the individual. Instead, it focuses on restoring equilibrium to the patient’s life.
4
Q
Levels of psychotherapy: Supportive approach
Does this approach change the individual’s personality?
A
No, this approach does not change characteristics of the individual. Instead, it focuses on restoring equilibrium to the patient’s life.
5
Q
Levels of psychotherapy: Supportive approach
True or false: Patient’s who are met with this therapeutic approach usually have environmental causes of stress.
A
True.
6
Q
Levels of psychotherapy: Supportive approach
List some examples of therapy with this approach.
A
Guidance, Environmental manipulation, Reassurances, Persuasion, Catharsis, Medications, Psychoeducation, ECT (electroconvulsive therapy)
7
Q
Levels of psychotherapy: Insight with Re-educative Goals
What is the ultimate goal of this approach?
A
To achieve insight into more conscious attitudes and conflicts (awareness of behavioral patterns)
8
Q
Levels of psychotherapy: Insight with Re-educative Goals
Does this approach change the individual’s personality?
A
Insight not deep enough to make significant personality changes.
9
Q
Levels of psychotherapy: Insight with Re-educative Goals
What does this approach to therapy examine?
A
1) How person relates to self and others
2) Sources of anxiety and tension
10
Q
Levels of psychotherapy: Insight with Re-educative Goals
List some examples of therapy with this approach.
A
Client centered therapy,
Individual therapy (ex. CBT; what determines your mood is the way you think about things),
Various group therapy
11
Q
Levels of psychotherapy: Insight with Re-constructive Goals
What is the ultimate goal of this approach?
A
To achieve extensive insight into personality and how they relate to the self and others
Goal: Emotional maturation from extensive understanding (especially in regards to their life choices involving interpersonal relationships)
12
Q
Levels of psychotherapy: Insight with Re-constructive Goals
List some examples of therapy with this approach.
A
Psychoanalysis,
Psychodynamic longer-term therapies (a couple years)
13
Q
What did Hans Eysenck’s paper claim about psychotherapy?
A
Published a paper with findings to present that psychotherapy was not effective at all; if you do nothing for those people they would get better in the same way they would through psychotherapy. (the only reason they get better is bc of Spontaneous Remission)
14
Q
What did Hans Eysenck’s paper claim about psychotherapy?
A
Published a paper with findings to present that psychotherapy was not effective at all; if you do nothing for those people they would get better in the same way they would through psychotherapy. (the only reason they get better is bc of Spontaneous Remission)
15
Q
What did Bergin and Lambert find in their meta-analysis? (4)
A
1) Psychotherapy facilitates remission of symptoms
2) Effects tend to be lasting
3) Psychotherapy effects beyond non-treated, placebo, and pseudo-therapy groups
4) Differences in outcome (positive effects) among types of therapy are not great/significant (ex. CBT is not superior to Psychodynamic therapy and vice versa!)
16
Q
If the type of psychotherapy does not affect patients significantly differently, why do all psychotherapies help patients (according to research)?
A
The most important thing in predicting an outcome is actually the therapeutic alliance (that trust).
As a result, most therapists become eclectic in orientation.
17
Q
Describe Martin Seligman’s (1995) experiment and his findings.
A
Consumer reports (magazine) readers asked to complete small questionnaire on effectiveness of psychotherapy.
R:
Psychotherapy helped 9/10 people
Those in psychotherapy >6 months did best (long-term)
Psychotherapy alone did the same as psychotherapy + meds (in certain circumstances, the two together are really effective though!)
No specific form of psychotherapy was more effective than any other
18
Q
List some similarities of psychotherapies. (5)
A
1) Relationship
2) Release of emotions (not trying to get rid of emotions, but trying to understand them)
3) Anxiety reduction
4) Building competence
5) Nonspecific factors: expectations, hope, optimism
19
Q
What is the use of effect size in meta-analyses?
A
Reflects the difference between the treatment group and control/other groups.
20
Q
True or false: Smith & Glass showed an effect size of .75 from 475 psychotherapy studies. (big effect size)
A
True!
21
Q
Describe Shedler’s 2010 meta-analysis of meta-analyses on the the efficacy of psychodynamic psychotherapy and his findings.
A
Accumulated meta analyses of psychotherapy in general
Looked at all their effect sizes (0.85, 0.75, etc. (high))
He then looked at CBT psychotherapy and effect sizes (around 0.75 and 0.80 too (high))
Then looked at Antidepressant medication and effect sizes (around 0.20 (lowwww))
Looked at Psychodynamic psychotherapy effect sizes too (.75-.8)
Conclusion: Psychotherapy (regardless of orientation) is highly effective, with not one being better than anyone else).
22
Q
Rogerian Psychotherapy: Client Centered Psychotherapy:
Is this psychotherapy humanistic?
A
Yes.
23
Q
Rogerian Psychotherapy: Client Centered Psychotherapy:
List 8 assumptions about Humanistic therapy.
A
- Human beings are innately good
- Value of life is in present
- Human beings are purposive/purposeful and goal oriented
- Basic human need that guides everything we do: deep human relationships/connectedness, unconditional positive regard from others.
- Core of human life resides in self-experience
- Client’s behavior understood from a phenomenological approach
- Psychological maladjustment exists when there is incongruence/neurotic behavior (discrepancy between ideal and real self)
- We are generally taught to not trust our intrinsic desires and needs and look to the external world for guidance.
24
Q
What is the Law of Effect - from a Behaviorist perspective and why is it regarded as the opposite as a Humanistic perspective?
A
Behaviorists thought the Law of Effect (reward and punishment) was demonstrated in every human/animal and they could be influenced and basically created through this.
Meaning, people are not driven by their human essence, but for a reward or to avoid a punishment - meaning, any behavior, essentially, can be trained to not exist/exist.
25
True or false: Behaviorists were not able to train a pig to not partake in its rooting (food focused) behavior.
True.
26
What are the APAs 5, listed, broad categories of psychotherpay?
1. Psychoanalysis and psychodynamic therapies
2. Behavior therapy
3. Cognitive therapy
4. Humanistic therapy
5. Integrative therapy
27
Explain the Client-centered (humanistic) perspective of psychotherapy.
1. No dividing line between normality and psychopathology
Thus, rejection of diagnostic labels
2. Motivation: Self-actualization - a drive to not only survive, but to survive in a positive manner (otherwise known as Libido by Freud).
3. Self concept - conditions of worth
4. Growth potential released in therapeutic relationship based on: realness, caring, nonjudgmental understanding (remaining neutral - not even positive reactions bc we don’t always know the context of outcomes)
5. The therapeutic relationship is the primary intervention
6. Therapy is only 1 relationship that can foster growth; they may discover someone else/someone enters their life. A therapist's job is to set the stage, and the client is able to do what is necessary for positive growth and change.
7. Focus on person not the problem.
28
What are the 3 elements of a good therapeutic relationship?
1. Unconditional therapeutic regard: non judgmental, non possessive respect and caring for clients self-concept and feelings
2. Empathy: attuned to clients feelings and beliefs
+ Evocative empathy; you not only want to understand, you want to be able to communicate it to the person.
3. Genuineness/Congruence: in touch with and sharing personal experiences.
29
What are some of your observations after watching Rogers' client-centered psychotherapy demonstration video?
Patient explains her feelings of loneliness after her ex-husband passed; but its deeper than that, because she feels it was her responsibility (she used her ex-husband as a shield to not date other men).
Rogers re-communicates what she’s saying, tries to make connections but prioritizes her responses.
Her awareness isn’t new; it’s the question of what you do about it? ‘How does one stay safe, but still remain open with a person?’
Rogers talks about transference kind of; she opens up to a certain point, even in her therapeutic relationship (going further feels like a risk) - he reads her body language regarding this too.
He never asks why… he lets her explain when she’s ready.
Very gentle and calm
30
READING: Watson & Schneider [Humanistic umbrella of therapy]
| What are the 4 major characteristics of Humanistic-Existential theory?
HUMAN BEINGS HAVE:
1) Individually subjective experience + the importance of it
2) Self-actualization; growth is the centre of the self that guides a search for meaning - thus the future
3) Ability of Self-reflection; make experience available to conscious awareness to reflect on it and choose different courses of action
AND:
4) Every human being is seen as unique and valuable; vital to the interpersonal, therapeutic alliance, aspect of therapy
31
READING: Watson & Schneider[Humanistic umbrella of therapy]
| How was Rogers inspired by Rank's (psychoanalyst) work + what was Rank's work?
Rank's work put emphasis on the here and now (present), the healing power of a therapeutic relationship, and the constructive forces within an individual.
These approaches can be seen in client centered therapy practices.
32
READING: Watson & Schneider [Humanistic umbrella of therapy]
| What is Motivational Interviewing?
MI is based on Rogerian core relationship conditions, usually used to treat addictions and with patients who resist more directive treatments. (very useful in Health psychology).
MI aims to promote acceptance, self-responsibility, and
autonomy in clients - all reminiscent of Client centered therapy.
33
READING: Watson & Schneider [Humanistic umbrella of therapy]
| What is Experiential and Emotion-focused therapy?
Experiential psychotherapy emphasizes the role of
experiencing or emotional processing in the change
process.
34
READING: Watson & Schneider [Humanistic umbrella of therapy]
| What is Task Analysis (Rice & Greenberg)?
A task analysis is a process whereby a multi-step behavior or skill such as brushing teeth, is broken down into smaller steps that can be taught and reinforced.
35
READING: Watson & Schneider [Humanistic umbrella of therapy]
What was Greenberg integrating Rice's influence (Roger's client centered therapy) with in his formation of Emotion-focused therapy?
And what was achieved as a result?
Gestalt therapies.
Resulted in a method of examining micro-change
events in psychotherapy --> to explicitly state the steps
that clients need to engage in to resolve problematic
issues. (Task analysis assisted) --> known as Emotion-focused therapy.
36
READING: Watson & Schneider [Humanistic umbrella of therapy]
Whitaker's Experiential therapy, what aspect of the human experience did it focus on: rational or non-rational/emotional?
Emphasized the non-rational aspects of human experience and saw change in psychotherapy
as emanating from patients’ feelings as opposed to
their intellect.
37
READING: Watson & Schneider [Humanistic umbrella of therapy]
| How would Whitaker define healthy functioning?
As the capacity to choose.
38
READING: Watson & Schneider. [Humanistic umbrella of therapy]
In Mahrer's contributions to Experiential therapy, what was his primary focus and goal?
He focused on EXPERIENCE, and helping clients find new ways of experiencing events to encourage their hidden POTENTIAL/EXPRESSION.
39
READING: Watson & Schneider [Humanistic umbrella of therapy]
| Identify Mahrer's 5 steps of Experiential therapy.
1) Focus on Bodily EXPERIENCE
2) Carrying Experience forward with SYMBOLIZATION and EXPRESSION;
3) Developing an AWARENESS of DEEPER levels
of EXPERIENCE through the THERAPEUTIC RELATIONSHIP;
4) Immersion in the deeper experience;
5) INCORPORATION of the NEW experience into CURRENT behavior in the world OUTSIDE of THERAPY
40
READING: Watson & Schneider [Humanistic umbrella of therapy]
| Identify the 4 focuses of Gestalt therapy.
1) the Individual's experience of the present moment
2) Therapist-client relationship
3) Contexts; social and environmental
4) Self-regulating adjustments the Individual makes bc of situation
41
READING: Watson & Schneider [Humanistic umbrella of therapy]
| What are the 3 principles of Gestalt therapy?
1) Field theory; seeing everything as relational
2) Phenomenology; emphasis on subjective experience and finding meaning
3) Dialogue; open dialogue between client and therapist.
42
READING: Watson & Schneider [Humanistic umbrella of therapy]
| True or false: Existential therapy is derived from existentialist philosophers.
True!
43
READING: Watson & Schneider [Humanistic umbrella of therapy]
| What is Phenomenological Anthropology according to Existentialist Therapy?
Derived from Heidegger’s philosophy, in which they attempted to UNDERSTAND the human sufferer’s WAY of BEING in the world and emphasized people’s capacity
for loving RELATIONSHIPS as the HIGHEST and most
original form of human EXISTENCE.
44
READING: Watson & Schneider [Humanistic umbrella of therapy]
| What did May, an existentialist therapist, define anxiety as?
A threat to some value that the individual holds essential to his or her existence as a person.
45
READING: Watson & Schneider [Humanistic umbrella of therapy]
| According to Rogers' Client Centered theory, what is the best way to understand a patient?
By understanding a person's own internal frame of reference (how they VIEW and EXPERIENCE the world); he views a person as an organism that encounters a continuously changing flow of experiences.
Their perceptual map (how they make sense/meaning of the world) then influences how they respond to the world and experiences.
46
READING: Watson & Schneider [Humanistic umbrella of therapy]
| What is Rogers' definition of Congruence and Incongruence + their respective effects?
Congruence: harmony with self concept and the 'organism' - which would be the goal directed aspect of the individual meeting needs. Healthy patterns.
Incongruence: conflict between self concept and needs of organism. Makes person vulnerable to anxiety and depression.
47
READING: Watson & Schneider [Humanistic umbrella of therapy]
| Explain Maslow's hierarchy of needs.
Maslow (1954) saw people as uniquely talented
and needing to actualize themselves in their environments to feel truly satisfied.
Once lower order needs are met, then people can optimize their innate capacities to, for example, realize their musical talent and make music, conceive art, or contribute to their communities.
Esteem needs and Meaning-making needs in particular coincide well with Humanistic theory, in that positive self-esteem is a very good indicator of healthy behavioral patterns. The absence of self-esteem contributes to pathology and an unhealthy way of being.
In contrast, positive self-esteem allows individuals to feel confident, strong, and worthwhile, providing a sense of purpose/meaning and inner security.
48
READING: Watson & Schneider [Humanistic umbrella of therapy]
What makes Client centered therapy different from Experiential and emotion-focused therapies?
What makes them similar?
In contrast to client-centered psychotherapists, experiential practitioners are more PROCESS GUIDED in their approach with clients.
They try to remove blocks in emotional processing.
Their similarities lie in the organismic experience and trying to make meaning of the world and themselves.
49
READING: Watson & Schneider [Humanistic umbrella of therapy]
True or false: Clients who did well in Client centered and Experiential/Emotion-focused therapy turned their attention inward to the BODY to LABEL the IMPACT of EXPERIENCE and represent their feelings, beliefs, and inner world-views.
True!
50
READING: Watson & Schneider [Humanistic umbrella of therapy]
| How would an experiential/emotion-focused therapist identify dysfunction?
When people develop negative ways of treating the self and their experience, for example, when they learn to dismiss, neglect, or silence their feelings. (impaired/blocked emotional processing).
51
READING: Watson & Schneider [Humanistic umbrella of therapy]
| How would a Gestalt therapist identify healthy behavior?
Self-regulation; balancing of organismic needs, desires, values and environmental demands.
52
READING: Watson & Schneider [Humanistic umbrella of therapy]
| What makes Client centered therapy and Gestalt therapy similar?
The assumption that individuals incorporate their experiences and introjected values into their self-concept.
(their perceptions of the world as a result of their experiences shape their self-concept).
53
READING: Watson & Schneider [Humanistic umbrella of therapy]
| How would a Gestalt therapist identify dysfunctional behavior?
When introjected values are not owned - there is no balance.
And when the need/life cycle is interrupted.
(Blocks in the Need Cycle).
54
READING: Watson & Schneider [Humanistic umbrella of therapy]
| What are the 4 stages of the life cycle according to Gestalt theory?
The cycle is viewed as consisting of four major
| stages: awareness, excitement/sensory arousal, action, and contact - to seek satisfaction.
55
READING: Watson & Schneider [Humanistic umbrella of therapy]
| What makes Experiential/emotion-focused therapy and Gestalt therapy different and similar?
They focus on different processes; emotion and need based respectively.
BUT!
Blocks at the Arousal or excitement
stage results from a dampening or disavowal of
emotional experience - which is a similar identification of dysfunctional behavior in Experiential/emotion-focused therapy.
And they both also do this with physical interventions, using the body to release emotional blockage.
56
READING: Watson & Schneider [Humanistic umbrella of therapy]
| How would an Existentialist therapist identify dysfunctional behavior?
Dysfunction occurs as a result of a failure to acknowledge limits or from an over-identification with them.
57
READING: Watson & Schneider [Humanistic umbrella of therapy]
| How would an Existentialist therapist identify healthy behavior?
Knowing one is free to choose within natural and self-imposed limits, and having a responsibility to exercise the capacity for CHOICE.
58
READING: Watson & Schneider [Humanistic umbrella of therapy]
| What would a HE therapist be focused on in treatment?
HE therapists are concerned with the flow of EXPERIENCE in therapy and consequently focus on BLOCKS to experiencing to develop ways to help clients
become AWARE of different aspects of experience.
59
READING: Watson & Schneider [Humanistic umbrella of therapy]
True or false: HE psychotherapists are encouraged to bracket their assumptions and not impose meaning on their clients’ experiences.
True!
60
READING: Watson & Schneider [Humanistic umbrella of therapy]
| What is Empty chair work and its benefits?
Clients describe and imagine a person in their lives to activate an Episodic memory of them. Usually the client has a problematic relationship with them.
Leads to heightened emotions and identifications of triggers; then clients can express them and process them effectively to identify their needs and determine whether they can be met.
61
READING: Watson & Schneider [Humanistic umbrella of therapy]
| What is Systematic evocative unfolding and its benefits?
Clients describe a situation concretely and vividly to access their Episodic memory. Used to access auto-biographical memories and thus emotion. Usually when clients are confused by their emotional reactions to situation.
As they become more aware of their emotional experience, they are more easily able to identify the trigger or stimulus that led to their reaction - and the confusion dissipates.
They may also see the origins of their reactions and understand themselves better in the process.
62
READING: Watson & Schneider [Humanistic umbrella of therapy]
| What are Rogers' 6 conditions for personality change in therapy to occur?
Through the Therapeutic relationship:
1) that therapists and clients be in psychological
contact;
2) that therapists be empathic, warm, accepting, and nonjudgmental of their clients
3) that these conditions were perceived and experienced
by clients
4) Therapists were encouraged to restrain themselves from blaming, interpreting, reassuring, or persuading clients
63
READING: Watson & Schneider [Humanistic umbrella of therapy]
| What is inner genuineness?
refers to the degree to which therapists are aware of and receptive to their own flow of experiencing—congruence.
(how therapists themselves respond to their client)
64
READING: Watson & Schneider [Humanistic umbrella of therapy]
| What is outer genuineness?
refers to the explicit communication by therapists of their conscious perceptions, attitudes, and feelings—transparency.
65
READING: Watson & Schneider [Humanistic umbrella of therapy]
| What is Mutual confirmation of an I-Thou relationship (existential therapy)?
It is how an existential encounter takes place. The I–Thou relationship is the therapeutic relationship in existential therapy characterized by
1) mutuality,
2) directness,
3) presentness,
4) intensity
5) and ineffability.
Buber described the between as a bold leap into the experience of the other while simultaneously being transparent, present and accessible.
66
READING: Watson & Schneider [Humanistic umbrella of therapy]
| What is an Existential encounter characterized by? (3)
The existential encounter is characterized by the
following three criteria:
1) PRESENT RELATIONSHIP: the real or present relationship between therapist and client, which may include past projections as they are experienced in the present with the therapist;
2) FUTURE RELATIONSHIP: the future and what is potentially available in the relationship;
3) RELATIONAL: the enactment or experiencing of relational material.
67
READING: Watson & Schneider [Humanistic umbrella of therapy]
| What's a defining predictor of success with Motivational Interviewing (MI) therapy?
Language!
Change talk - showing commitment to change in the client's language
Sustain talk - showing clients waxing and waning in their commitments in client's language
68
READING: Watson & Schneider [Humanistic umbrella of therapy]
| What is the most important predictor of good therapy outcomes?
1. Therapeutic relationship
2. Empathy: The clients’ perceptions of the relationship as empathic that are most predictive of outcome.
3. Quality of clients’ emotional processing
69
READING: Watson & Schneider [Humanistic umbrella of therapy]
| Task Model: Focusing --> is it beneficial?
Focusing correlates with positive outcomes, however it is not regarded as an essential ingredient of change.
70
READING: Watson & Schneider [Humanistic umbrella of therapy]
| Task Model: Two-chair dialogues --> what is it, and is it beneficial?
Two chair dialogue: Encouraging a client to dialogue between two aspects of the self. One aspect expressed while sitting in one chair and the other expressed while sitting in the other chair, switching as needed from one chair to the other.
Useful for addressing clients’ negative treatment of self,
including self-silencing, self-criticism, and conflict.
71
READING: Ablon & Jones [Psychodynamic & CBT correlation with Ideal Treatment outcome]
What is the most common factor involved in promoting change in the patient across almost all psychotherapies?
Therapeutic alliance.
72
READING: Ablon & Jones [Psychodynamic & CBT correlation with Ideal Treatment outcome]
What did a comparative study of Psychotherapy using the Psychotherapy Process Q-set (PQS) find about Psychodynamic and CBT therapy?
A process factor in Psychodynamic therapy called 'psychodynamic technique' was significantly correlated with successful therapy outcomes - in BOTH Psychodynamic and CBT therapies.
However, a 2nd factor that was in CBT called 'cognitive behavioral technique' was NOT significantly correlated with successful therapy outcomes in EITHER Psychodynamic and CBT therapies.
73
READING: Ablon & Jones [Psychodynamic & CBT correlation with Ideal Treatment outcome]
What can we conclude from the findings of the comparison between the factors 'psychodynamic technique' and 'cognitive behavioral technique'?
That cognitive-behavioral therapists might be using psychodynamic strategies, and that it is these techniques that are responsible for promoting patient change.
74
READING: Ablon & Jones [Psychodynamic & CBT correlation with Ideal Treatment outcome]
What is the PQS (Psychotherapy Process Q-set)?
PQS is the instrument used to create prototypes of psychotherapies - a method for therapist-patient relationships to be analyzed quantitatively.
Prototypes were determined through a PQS questionnaire, answered by an expert panel of psychodynamic and CBT therapists - and prototypes/items in questionnaire in line with psychodynamic psychotherapy and CBT psychotherapy, respectively, were created by analyzing and observing behavior during therapy sessions.
The experts basically rated each item from 1-100 about how much it aligned with their own perspective (psychodynamic or CBT) - and that is how the prototypes were divided between the two groups.
75
READING: Ablon & Jones [Psychodynamic & CBT correlation with Ideal Treatment outcome]
True or false: Results show that although CBT Q-Prototype correlations were found in Psychodynamic therapy, Psychodynamic Q-Prototype correlations were not found in CBT.
True!
76
READING: Weiner [Individual Psychotherapy]
| What is individual psychotherapy?
Individual psychotherapy is a verbal interaction in which qualified professionals use psychological procedures to alleviate distress and promote adaptive living in people who would like their help.
(1. verbal interaction 2. psychological procedures, 3. alleviate distress, 4. promote adaptive living, 5. for people who want help)
77
READING: Weiner [Individual Psychotherapy]
| What are the 3 main reasons why people come to psychotherapy according to Weiner?
1. Relief of symptoms/psychological distress
2. Problem solving in life
3. Self satisfaction and wellbeing
78
READING: Weiner [Individual Psychotherapy]
| True or false: Minimal stress fosters progress in psychotherapy.
False; actually, Moderate stress fosters the most progress - minimal stress may limit a person's involvement in the treatment process.
And excessive stress messes with the person's ability to concentrate on the content of the therapy.
79
READING: Weiner [Individual Psychotherapy]
| What type of patients benefit the most from psychotherapy?
1. Psychological good health predicts a positive outcome in psychotherapy - like good physical health predicts good surgical outcomes.
2. Ability to cope with Moderate emotional stress.
3. Symptomatic disorders benefit more than people with Personality disorder - whose comfort with themselves and their disinterest in change tend to limit their participation and progress in treatment.
80
READING: Weiner [Individual Psychotherapy]
| What qualities should psychotherapy therapists have for successful outcomes?
1. Empathy - being able to put yourself in their perspective
2. Warmth - unconditional regard and respect as a human
3. Genuineness - never saying what they don't mean
81
READING: Weiner [Individual Psychotherapy]
| What 3 conditions of a working alliance keep the therapeutic alliance in check?
1. Agreement between therapist and client about the GOALS of treatment
2. Agreement on the TASKS used to obtain these goals
3. Strong therapeutic relationship to SUSTAIN their collaboration
82
READING: Weiner [Individual Psychotherapy]
| What is psychic determinism?
Views every psychological event as having a reason
| or CAUSE that can be understood.
83
READING: Weiner [Individual Psychotherapy]
| What is a dynamic unconscious?
Claims that how people behave is influenced by parts of thoughts/feelings that someone is not fully aware of.
84
READING: Weiner [Individual Psychotherapy]
| What are Freud's 3 core elements of psychoanalysis of which psychodynamic theories take from?
1. Psychic determinism
2. Dynamic unconscious
3. Early experiences have an effect on Personality development
85
READING: Weiner [Individual Psychotherapy]
| What is Supportive-expressive therapy? And what is it's central element? (psychodynamic)
A manual-based form of psychodynamic therapy.
Applicable to a wide range of patients and problems.
Can be either time-limited or open ended.
Can promote change or help people maintain their current level of functioning/go to their previously higher level.
The centre of it is Case conceptualization/formulation - the core conflictual relationship theme that describes a person's relationship patterns/interpersonal conflicts and helps direct the person's treatment.
86
READING: Weiner [Individual Psychotherapy]
| What is Interpersonal therapy? (psychodynamic)
A manualized, time-limited therapy.
| Focuses on person's current social relationships.
87
READING: Weiner [Individual Psychotherapy]
| What are the 3 types of CBT?
1. Rational emotive behavior therapy; disruptions/logically challenging person's limiting behaviors.
2. Dialectical behavior therapy; warm, accepting and change-based.
3. Cognitive therapy; cognitive restructuring/is not behavior focused, but focused on limiting or negative beliefs/thoughts.
88
READING: Weiner [Individual Psychotherapy]
| What is Technical eclecticism? (eclectic therapy)
Applies whatever interventions appear likely
to be helpful, without regard for their theoretical
origin.
89
READING: Weiner [Individual Psychotherapy]
| What is Theoretical integration? (eclectic therapy)
Blends traditional treatment approaches into an overarching theoretical framework that, unlike technical eclecticism, enhances conceptual understanding of psychotherapy.
90
READING: Weiner [Individual Psychotherapy]
| What is Common factors? (eclectic therapy)
Does not focus on techniques or theories, instead parts of psychotherapy that promote the most symptom relief and change are focused on (i.e. therapeutic alliance, understanding, etc.)
91
READING: Weiner [Individual Psychotherapy]
| What is Assimilative integration? (eclectic therapy)
When therapists favor a specific theoretical approach but draw from other approaches when they feel they need to.
92
READING: Weiner [Individual Psychotherapy]
Psychotherapy research has principally encompassed
what 2 types of studies?
1. Outcome studies; to determine whether psychotherapy works.
2. Process studies; to explore HOW psychotherapy works - with special attention to interactions that promote positive behavior change.
93
READING: Weiner [Individual Psychotherapy]
What is the “Dodo Bird
Verdict,”?
The observation of apparent equivalence among treatment methods.
94
READING: Weiner [Individual Psychotherapy]
Progress in all psychotherapies is additionally facilitated
by the following five ingredients:
1. Positive feelings and attitudes
2. Emotional release
3. Attention and caring
4. Exposure - not avoiding their problems
5. Reinforcement
