W9: Invertebrate Physiology (Introduction Arthropods To Insects) [Dr. Blair] Flashcards
1
Q
Topics we spoke about under Basic Arthropod Classification? (4)
A
- Main divisions.
- Body structure of vertebrates.
- Cambrian “Explosion”.
- Main orders in South Africa (common orders & familiar families).
2
Q
What percentage of all life forms are Arthropods?
A
3
Q
Major proportions of life forms on Earth to consider under Invertebrate physiology? (4)
A
- Arachnids.
- Chordates.
- Crustaceans.
- Insects.
4
Q
Which phyla emerged after the Cambrian explosion? (2)
A
- Arthropoda (Arthropods).
- Chordata (Chordates).
5
Q
Arthropoda?
A
= largest phylum that includes invertebrates like insects, spiders, crustaceans & millipedes.
6
Q
Chordata?
A
= phylum that includes animals that, at some point of their development, a notochord like vertebrates (mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, amphibians).
7
Q
Two organisms to note that occurred during/after the Cambrian explosion?
A
- Anomalocaris.
- Hallucigenia (the original).
8
Q
Anomalocaris?
A
= an extinct genus that lived during the Cambrian period (~500 million years ago).
9
Q
Anomalocaris attributes? (3)
A
- Belonged to a group of animals called Radiodonta, which was closely related to early arthropods.
- Had large, compound eyes similar to modern-day arthropods (enabled excellent vision for hunting).
- Important for understanding the evolution of complex life forms & the early history of arthropods.
10
Q
Hallucigenia attributes? (3)
A
- Arthropod precursor.
- Belonged to a group called lobopodians, which are closely related to modern arthropods.
- Represent an early step in the evolutionary tree that eventually led to the development of arthropods.
11
Q
What are the main phyla/subphyla of Arthropods? (4)
A
- Trilobitamorpha.
- Chelicerata.
- Crustacea.
- Uniramia.
12
Q
Class under Trilobitamorpha?
A
Trilobita.
13
Q
Trilobita attributes? (5)
A
- Extinct group of marine arthropods.
- Distinct , 3 body parts (lobes).
- 1 pair of antennae.
- Gills.
- Most famous fossils used for dating rock layers.
14
Q
Trilobita animals?
A
Trilobites.
15
Q
Chelicerata classes? (3)
A
- Merostomata.
- Arachnids.
- Pycnogonida.
16
Q
Merostomata attributes? (4)
A
- 2 body parts.
- No antennae.
- Gills.
- Body plan = cephalothorax (prosoma), gnathobases, abdomen (opisthosoma) & tail (telson).
17
Q
Merostomata animals?
A
Horseshoe crabs.
18
Q
Arachnids: Scorpions attributes? (4)
A
- 2 body parts.
- No antennae.
- 8 legs (1st pair = pincers).
- Body plan (3) = cephalothorax (prosoma), abdomen (opisthosoma) & tail (telson).
19
Q
Arachnids: Tailless whip scorpions (amblypigi) attributes? (4)
A
- 2 body parts.
- No antennae.
- 8 legs (1st pair = pincers).
- Body plan (2) = abdomen & cephalothorax.
20
Q
Arachnids: Solifugids attributes? (4)
A
- 2 body parts.
- No antennae.
- 8 legs.
- Body plan (3): cephalothorax, abdomen & cheliceraa.
21
Q
Arachnids: True spiders attributes? (4)
A
- 2 body parts.
- No antennae.
- 8 legs.
- Body plan (4): abdomen, cephalothorax, pedipalps & chelicerae.
22
Q
Arachnids: Ticks attributes? (4)
A
- 2 body parts.
- No antennae.
- 8 legs.
- Body plan (2): abdomen & cephalothorax.
23
Q
Arachnids animals? (5)
A
- Scorpions.
- Tailless whip scorpions (Amblypigi).
- un spiders/Red romans (Solifugids).
- True spiders.
- Ticks.
24
Q
When should one worry about a scorpion sting? (3)
A
- Highly venomous scorpion
= small pincers + thick tail. - Mildly venomous scorpion
= big pincers + thin tail.
Therefore, when a scorpion has smaller pincers & thick tail.
25
When should one worry about a spider bite? (4)
Medically significant spider bites are from:
- Black button spider (neurotoxic venom).
- Brown button spider (neurotoxic venom).
- Violin spider (cytotoxic venom).
- Long-legged sac spider (cytotoxic venom).
26
Pycnogonida attributes? (4)
- 2 body parts.
- No antennae.
- 8 legs.
- Body plan (2): abdomen & cephalothorax.
27
Pycnogonida animals?
Sea spiders.
28
Crustacea classes? (3)
- Malacostra.
- Amphipoda.
- Cirripedia.
29
Malacostra animals? (3)
- Crabs.
- Shrimps.
- Lobsters.
29
Crustaceans: Malacostra attributes? (5)
- 2 body parts.
- Gills.
- Biramous antennae.
- Nauplius larva.
- Body plan (3): cephalothorax, abdomen & tail.
30
Crustaceans: Amphipoda attributes? (3)
- 2 body parts.
- Biramous antennae.
- Terrestrial crustacean (not an insect).
31
Amphipoda animals?
Wood louse.
32
Crustaceans: Cirripedia attributes? (2)
- Sedentary crustaceans.
- Motile larvae.
33
Cirripedia animals?
Barnacles.
34
Biramous antennae?
= two-branched antennae.
35
Prosoma?
= cephalothorax.
36
Opisthosoma?
= abdomen.
37
Telson?
= tail.
38
Nauplius larvae?
= earliest larval stage.
39
Crustacea animals? (3)
- Crabs, shrimps & lobsters.
- Wood louse.
- Barnacles.
40
Uniramia classes? (3)
- Onychophora.
- Myriapoda.
- Hexapoda.
41
Onychophora attributes? (2)
- 1 pait of antennae.
- Spiracles.
42
Uniramia: Onychophora animals?
Velvet worms.
43
Uniramia: Myriapoda classes? (2)
- Chilopoda.
- Diplopoda.
44
Uniramia: Myriapoda - Chilopoda attributes? (5)
- 1 pair of antennae.
- Spiracles.
- Venomous.
- Carnivorous.
- Chilo = lip-footed.
45
Uniramia: Myriapoda - Diplopoda attributes? (5)
- 1 pair of antennae.
- Spiracles.
- Poisonous.
- Herbivorous/Dentritivorous.
- Diplo = double-footed (2 pairs of segments).
46
Chilopoda animals?
Centipedes.
47
Diplopoda animals?
Millipedes.
48
Uniramia: Hexapoda classes? (5)
- Collembolla.
- Protura.
- Diplura.
- Thysanaura.
- Pterygota.
49
Uniramia: Hexapoda - Collembolla attributes? (4)
- 1 pair of antennae.
- 3 body parts (head, thorax, abdomen).
- No wings.
- Furcula (tail).
50
Collembolla animals?
Springtails.
51
Uniramia: Hexapoda - Protura attributes? (3)
- 1 pair of antennae.
- 3 body parts (head, thorax, abdomen).
- No wings.
52
Protura animals?
Telsontails.
53
Uniramia: Hexapoda - Diplura attributes? (3)
- 1 pair of antennae.
- 3 body parts (head, thorax, abdomen).
- No wings.
54
Diplura animals?
Bristletails.
55
Uniramia: Hexapoda - Thysanaura attributes? (3)
- 1 pair of antennae.
- 3 body parts (head, thorax, abdomen).
- No wings.
56
Thysanaura animals?
Silverfish.
57
Uniramia: Hexapoda - Pterygota attributes? (4)
- True insects with wings.
- Infraclasses.
- Divisions.
- Orders.
58
Hexapoda: Pterygota infraclasses? (2)
- Paleoptera.
- Neoptera.
59
Pterygota: Paleoptera orders? (2)
- Odonata.
- Ephemeroptera.
60
Pterygota: Paleoptera - Odonata attributes? (4)
- 1 pair of antennae.
- 3 body parts (head, thorax, abdomen).
- 2 pairs of wings.
- Odo = toothed wings (mandibles).
61
Pterygota: Paleoptera - Odonata animals? (2)
- Dragonflies.
- Damselflies.
62
Pterygota: Paleoptera - Ephemeroptera attributes? (4)
- 1 pair of antennae.
- 3 body parts (head, thorax, abdomen).
- 2 pairs of wings.
- Ephemero = short-lived wings.
63
Pterygota: Paleoptera - Ephemeroptera animals?
Mayflies.
64
Hexapoda attributes? (2)
- 6 legs.
- 3 body parts.
65
Pterygota: Neoptera divisions? (2)
- Exopterygota.
- Endopterygota.
66
Exopterygota attributes? (3)
- Wings develop externally.
- Hemimetabolous (wing buds in nymphs).
- 4 Orders.
67
Exopterygota orders? (4)
- Orthoptera.
- Hemiptera.
- Isoptera.
- Blattodea.
68
Exopterygota orders focused on? (2)
- Orthoptera.
- Hemiptera.
69
Neoptera: Exopterygota - Orthoptera?
= straight wings.
70
Orthoptera animals? (3)
- Grasshoppers.
- Locusts.
- Crickets.
71
Neoptera: Exopterygota - Hemiptera?
= half wings.
72
Hemiptera animals? (3)
- True bugs.
- Aphids.
- Stink bugs.
73
Neoptera: Endopterygota attributes? (3)
- Wings develop internally.
- Holometabolous (wings in adulthood).
- 4 Orders.
74
Neoptera: Endopterygota orders? (4)
- Coleoptera.
- Lepidoptera.
- Hymenoptera.
- Diptera.
75
Neoptera: Endopterygota - Coleoptera?
= shaeth wings.
76
Coleoptera animals? (2)
Beetles such as:
- Dung beetles.
- Lady bugs.
77
Neoptera: Endopterygota - Lepidoptera?
= scaly wings.
78
Lepidoptera animals? (2)
- Butterflies.
- Moths.
79
Neoptera: Endopterygota - Hymenoptera?
= membrane wings.
80
Hymenoptera animals? (3)
- Bees.
- Wasps.
- Ants.
81
Neoptera: Endopterygota - Diptera?
= two wings.
82
Diptera animals? (3)
- Flies.
- Mosquitoes.
- Psyllids.
83
Examples of Exopterygota insects? (2)
- Grasshoppers (Orthoptera).
- True bugs (Hemiptera).
84
Examples of Endopterygota insects from each order? (4)
- Beetles (Coleoptera).
- Butterflies (Lepidoptera).
- Bees (Hymenoptera).
- Flies (Diptera).
85
Super summary? (3)
- The arthropods (4 main phyla = trilobites, chelicerates, crustaceans, uniramians).
- Hexapods (6 legs/3 body parts = pterygota).
- Main insect groups (several diverse groups, southern Africa).
