Walton case study knowledge Flashcards
(43 cards)
1
Q
Volcano case study e15, iceland, MEDC
Background
A
- constructive plate boundary
- divergent tectonic plate boundary where the Eurasian plate is pulling apart from the North American plate.
- Strato Volcano
- Prior to this eruption the volcano had been dormant for almost 200 years.
2
Q
E15 hazards
A
- Lead up to the eruption;
small earthquakes occurred near the centre of the volcano
3cm inflation of the earths crust indicated magma was rising.
FIRST PHASE;
1. small effusive fissure volcanic eruptions which released lava.
2. overnight evacuation of 600 people due to risk of glacial meltwater flash floods.
SECOND PHASE;
1. more explosive due to the interaction of glacial meltwater with magma.
2. evacuation of 800 people due to risk of flash floods
3. growing concern that e15 eruption would trigger the eruption of katla volcano.
3
Q
Impacts of e15 eruption
A
- Biggest impact was on the aviation industry as the biggest threat was that volcanic ash would melt inside the jet engine and cause engine failure.
- volcanic ash could also scratch the windows reducing pilot visibility.
- Due to risk eruption caused major disruption to European airlines where events were cancelled, disrupted or delayed.
- 107,000 flights cancelled
7 million passagners affected
5 billion cost
13 firms collapsed. - It was during easter holidays- period of greater tourism
- had a negative impact on oil industries as demand fell by 1.2m barrells a day.
- disrupted global trade- can’t import nor export
- Kenya had to destroy 300 tonnes of flowers due to unable to airship to UK
- 500- 800 evacuated
- Biggest impact was on the agriculture and most damage done to rural areas.
burial of farmland
fluoride poison to livestock
20 farms destroyed= loss of livelihoods - thousands of farmers laid off due to harvesting of crops having to stop.
- Temp road closure
4
Q
Managements of e15 eruption
A
- Iceland were quite prepared due to continuous monitoring of the active volcano.
- Due to 1st stage it enabled people to prepare for a larger eruption.
- Warning issues were given via msg
- Emergency service prepared as they had bulldozed roads off, enabling flash water to take a safe and direct route to the sea.
- Katla volcano monitored.
- However failed to recognise threat of volcanic ash and airplanes.
5
Q
Responses of e15 eruption
A
- Developed/gained an understanding of the risk posed from the interaction of volcanic ash and commercial planes
- Didn’t rely on much international aid as they had the necessary wealth, infrastructure and capacity to cope.
holiday travels covered with travel insurance.
6
Q
Background to Merapi eruption 2010- LEDC
Volcano case study
A
- Mount merapi is located on a destructive plate boundary
- Where the indo-Australian plate is subducted beneath the Eurasian plate.
- Due to fertile volcanic soils- slopes of merapi are densly populated.
- 26th october 2010- following a period of seismic activity,, lava done inflation and asending magma- mount Merapi erupted continoulsy for a month.
- 500 earthquakes, small lava flow, seismic activity and rise of mamga by 1km all suggested imminent eruption.
- Govt raised alert to level 4, evatuating 19,000 people.
7
Q
Impacts of Merapi volcano
A
Primary danger was from pyroclastic flow which generated and reached villages 14.5km away.
Erupted during a rainy season increasing risk and generation of lahars.
8
Q
Social impacts of Merapi volcano
A
- 379 casualties - 197 due to burns. main;y rescue teams
- 453 injured
- 78 bodies in home and streets under 30 cm of ash
- 800 reported cases of survivors suffering from psychological problems- depression or anxiety.
- Approx 400,000 displaced - taken to refugees which became overcroweded= poor sanitation
- More than 200,000 homes destroyed. with everything within 16km completely destroyed.
9
Q
Economic impacts of Merapi volcano
A
- Eruption resulted in major disruptions of air traffic- airport closed for 15 days and over 2000 flights cancelled.
- Disruption caused mandala airport to declare bankruptcy.
- People surrounding volcano - particularly farmers lost homes thus livelihoods.
- vegetable prices increased due to agricultural land being damaged.
- Pyroclastic flow damaged 30% of sabo dams- cost of repair was 116million
- Total damaged and loss= 450 million
10
Q
Environmental impacts of Merapi volcano
A
- Most of the environment surrounding merapi is rural so the eruption destroyedd vast amount of agricultural land and buried villages up to 30cm of ash.
- 867 hecates of land destroyed
- Roads and 12 bridges destroyed
- However in time volcanic deposits will lead to more fertile soil.
- Govt set up management to clear volcanic material and local residents rebuilt homes and public buildings.
11
Q
Management of Merapi volcano
A
- Govt gave financial assistance to those who lost livelihoods.
- Govt alerted level 4 alert to 19,000 people recommending those within 10km radius to evacuate.
- Evacutation zone extended 15km-20km
- Death predicted to be higher without alters or evacuations.
- Quick response- emergency system and security were co-ordinated enabling accurate and rapid communication.
- Red cross 398 volunteers- in warning villages giving meals.
- 114 camps set up- safe kitchens and tents.
- Govt spent 10milion on farmer cattle to prevent farmers returning.
- Govt set up management to clear volcanic material and local residents rebuilt homes and public buildings.
12
Q
Responses of Merapi volcano
A
- They firstly wasn’t accepting foreign aid - as they wanted to examine the extent of damage.
- Australlian donated 1.1 million
- Us 2million
- Conservation area set up around the volcano where people are prohibited from living permanently and no further construction of infrastructure allowed to take place.
- Those relocated offered plot elsewhere
- Merapi museum constructed replica volcano to help educate the public on dangers of living near a volcano.
13
Q
Volcano case study- Chaiten volcano in Chile
LEDC
A
Background;
- Destructive plate boundary
- Nazca plate subducts beneath the south American plate.
- Rhyolitic lava- therefore had high gas pressure and high silica content.
- Parts of the worlds longest fold mountain chain- Andes mountain which are crumpled by tectonic forces pushing theses two plates together.
14
Q
Hazards of Chaiten volcano
A
- infrequent eruptions
- 2008 chaiten began erupting violently producing numerous plumes, pyroclastic flows, minor earthquakes and lahars.
- Eruption columns of ash, gas and rock were accompanied by pyroclastic flows.
- Vulnerable to earthquakes and volcanic events because of its tectonic setting
- In addition regular passing storms mixed with ash to make hazards worse- creating lahars and river floods.
15
Q
Impacts of Chaiten volcano
A
It had a low population density limiting the potential impacts.
2. It had serious consequences for nearby towns covering it in lava and ash disrupting travel and agriculture in surrounding areas.
16
Q
Social impacts of Chaiten volcano
A
- 4000 people evacuated.
- Volcanic ash caused health problems and in Chili and agrentina
- Farming destroyed affective livlihoods of individuals
- Lahars cut communications making access difficult.
17
Q
Economic impacts of Chaiten volcano
A
- Major concerns to airport industry
- Airports forced to close down and flights cancelled in Chile and Argentina
- 5 planes sustained engine damaged
18
Q
Environmental impacts of Chaiten volcano
A
15cm deep of ash fall blocked rivers and contaminated water supplies.
- 90% of chaiten flooded due to increased flow
- Major impact on farming as animals killed by suffocating by ash
- disrupted agriculture.
19
Q
management + responses of Chaiten volcano
Short term
A
- 20 volcanoes - 7 hazard assessment and 7 monitored
- Remote location and low population density meant management isn’t high.
- Eruption had no real time monitoring
- Prediction, prevention and preperation of hazard is poor.
- Govt evacuated towns - 39000 people
- Emergency measures such as
- residents told not to drink the water
- fact masks and water fresh distributed.
- 1200-2200 per month for families
- financial aid to small businesses and 90 day freeze on loan payment.
20
Q
management + responses of Chaiten volcano
Long term
A
- Geological survey created a new programme to improve the monitoring + hazard mitigation of chlie- a high threat volcano
- Programme will still support
- studies of history of eruption
- assessment of volcanic hazards
- and creation of real time monitoring
- early warning system.
21
Q
Volcanic case study- Mount Etna
Italy
MEDC
A
Background;
- Destructive plate boundary
- African plate subducts beneath Eurasian plate.
- Europes highest and most active volcano
- Classified as a decade volcano
- 25% of sicilys population lives on its slopes
- Composite strato volcano that typically erupts balsaltic lava which has low viscosity.
22
Q
Potential hazards of Mount Etna
A
- Seismic activity connecting with eruptive activity can cause damage to buildings and infrastructure.
- Collapse of one of its flanks can lead to a huge avalanche of volcanic debris
- Phreatic eruptions
Which are steam driven explosions when water is heated by magma beneath the ground or on the surface generating water explosions.
23
Q
Impacts of Mount Etna volcano
A
- 77 confirmed deaths
- 9 tourists killed by phreatic explosions
- last 20 years deaths have been due to lightening strikes and accidents
- Tourist station destroyed
- Airport in 2002 in Cantania forced to close
- Winter tourist industry affected
- 2007 a violent eruption from the south east crater saw lava spewing up to 400m into the air.
24
Q
Management and responses to the Mount Etna volcano eruption
A
- INGV has monitored volcano for 20 years with a permanent network of remote sensors.
- Geochemical monitoring programmes help predict new eruptions and warn of any dangerous gas emissions.
- well monitored and actively managed.
- Local people rebuilt own homes from salvaged material or relocated
- Govt intervention ware rare
- However had significant intervention in 1991-93 eruptions where Zafferana was threatened by lava flow - put earth barriers to hold it back - unsuccessful.
- to disrupt and redirect lava flow- explosives were detonated near source to break lava tube system- so explosions destroyed it and forced lava into a new artificial channel.
- During 2002 eruptions damns of soil volcanic rock were put into place to protect tourists and diverge flow.
- Italian armys heavy earth moving equipment was brought to block and divert lava flows.
- No town destroyed but losses to agriculture and tourism,
- Govt pledged immediate financial assistance of more than 5.6million and tax breaks.
25
Montserrat eruption background
| LEDC
1. Found in the Caribbean
2. Dormant for 400 years
3. soufriere hills is situated on a destructive plate boundary at a subduction zone.
4. North American plate sinking beneath the caribbean plate.
5. Strato volcano - composed mainly of consolidated ash layers from previous eruptions.
26
Geological hazards of Montserrat eruption
1. Monserrat had no lava flows.
2. Most dangerous and dramatic result of the eruption was pyroclastic flows. incineration of organic material e.g vegetations.
Also caused loss of life and demolition of buildings
3. Lahars - Burial and destruction of properties, vegetation and crops. burial of plymouth.
4. Ash and tephra fall (violence of eruption shatters lava and rock into pieces)
Turned day into night under heavy ash fall
Hot tephra set alight vegetation and roofs of house
Vegetation coated in ash
Breathing difficulties and lung diesease
5. Earthquakes - noticable but no effects to structures
6. Volcanic gases
carbon dioxide and sulhpur dioxide which are released from the magma can poisen platns and animals.
27
Effects on population of Montserrat eruption
1. 2/3 of island abandoned
2. 5000 people left homeless
3. 8000 left or relocated and rebuilding life to the nothern safe zone
4. Northern part has few settlements but finding it difficult to cope with the influx from the south.
5. Plymouth had all main services.
6. Collapse of the tourist and rice industry
7. Unemployment rose from 7 to 50%
8. Agriculture standstill
9. Respiratory problems
10. Skills shortages and people left.
28
Hazard Management of Montserrat eruption
1. Initial earthquake activity detected by seismic research unit.
2. USGs - ready to assist with volcanic monitoring.
3. Britain provided staff to help with monitoring and advice the government on dangers posed by eruption.
4 Earth deformation meters show signs of ground swelling of magma.
5. Sattelite location on GPS- to check ground movement.
6. Ph of rainwater monitored indicating magmatic gas content.
29
Recovery of Montserrat eruption
1. British Govt offered 2,400 each adult to help with relocation .
2. Funding for redevelopment of island increased from 10 million to 75million.
3. Development of little bay port to replace plymouths facitilites.
4. Provision of water in the nothern area.]
5. improving air access
6. British Govt has now Introduced scheme to give financial help to people moving back to Montserrat.
30
Earthquake case study
Christchurch New zeland
MEDC
1. Earthquake struck new Zelands souths island on feb 2011.
2. Christchurch in New Zealand has also suffered an 7.1 magnitude earthquake in 2010.
3. The 2011 was of less magnitude than 2010 however was much more destructive due to serveral reasons;
A. Due to proximity to epicentre- causing more servere groundshaking in Christchruch
B. Struck in the middle of the day
C. More liquefaction causing greater damage
4. Magnitude was of 6.3
5. New Zealand is based on destructive plate boundary between the Australian plate and Pacific plate. move conservative and destructive.
6. Epicentre was 10 km away from christchurch was is second populated city.
31
Impacts of Christchurch earthquake
1. Earthquake caused shaking that lasted for 12 seconds.
2. Building damage was widespread due to 2010 earthquake weakening structures.
3. High rise buildings survived.
4. 181 people killed
5. more than 2000 people injured
6. Over half deaths occurred in 6 storey Canterbury television building which collapsed and caught on fire.
7. Roads and bridges severely damaged
8. Land damaged by liquefaction could't be built on again due to 400,000 tonnes of silt being produced.
9. Cars and buses crushed by falling debris.
10. 10,000 houses needed to be rebuilt
11. Christchurch cathedral lost
12. Christchurch international airport wasn't effected but closed for precaution.
32
Management and response to Christchurch earthquake
1. Buildings demolished deemed unsafe.
2. Sattelite imagery used to recover
3. New Zealand red cross launched appeal to raise funds and help victims.
4. New Zealand's defence for provided equipment, food transport , evacuation and water to aid 100,000 homeless people.
5. Australian Govt- 5.7 million
6. Australian police co ordinated with New Zealand police to help search and rescue teams and solve looting.
7. Electricity restored to 80% of houses in 5 days.
and 95% in 2 weeks
8. water restored to 70% in one wek
9. Medical teams organised treatment for victims.
10. communication teams looked to restored phone lines.
11. 27,000 chemical toilets flown into area as sanitation and sewage works were damaged.
12. Govt declared national state of emergency which remained in place till 30th april 2011.
13. Full emergency plan in place in 2 hours of earthquake happening
14. Search and rescue teams from uk, japan and Usa
15. Bottled water provided as water supplies cut off.
33
Earthquake study of Haiti earthquake
| LEDC
Background
1. Haiti is located in continent of North america
2. Part of the caribbean
3. Epicentre was 15miles west of capital port au prince.
4. Poorest country in the western hemisphere
5. Magnitude of 7.0
6. 12th jan 2010
7. depth of focus = 1.8miles / 13km
8. North America plate and caribbean plate
9 Conservative plateboundary
34
Impacts of the haiti earthquake
1. 100,00 - 316,000 dead
2. over 1 million homeless
3. 50+ hospitals collapsed so people had to fend for themselves and not enough doctors or hospitals to get treated in.
4. 1 doctor
5. 3 days without medical care so illnesses and cuts became infected.
6. Diseases started to spread
7. bodies burned so diseases wouldn't spread - actions taken into own hands.
8. 13,000 schools damaged
9. main prison destroyed, 4000 inmates escaped.
10. not enough food or help
11. Govt building collapsed - looting occurs as no organisations.
12. SECONDARY
People squashed into shanty towns leading to poor sanitation and heath
13. hospitals and mourgues full due to increase amount of death.
14. 1 in 5 lost job due to buildings destroyed.
15. Diseases such as chlorea became problem
16. one million homeless a year later
35
Short term responses
| haiti
1. 810,000 places in aid camps
2. temporary schools created
3. 5 days for aid to arrive
4. Due to scale of disaster- it was hard to get supplies out due to poor management
36
Long term responses ;
| Haiti
1. Healthcare supplies provided to limit disease
2. aid - 100 million by usa
330 million by Europe
3. 4.3 million provided with food and rations in the following week.
37
Boxing day sunami- Tsunami case study
Sumatra - Andama islands in indonesia
Tsunami case study
Back ground ;
1. Earthquake occurs along the sundra trench .
2. Subduction zone where the indian plate is subducted beneath the Burma plate.
3. Megathrust Earthquake with a magnitude of 9.1
4. 5km movement of the sea bed resulted in the displacement of several million tonnes of water. creating a tsunami
5. Earthquake occure for 10 minutes
6. Occured 25km beneath the indian ocean.
38
Boxing day sunami- Tsunami case study
| IMPACTS
1 Affected countries across the indian ocean, India, Sri lanka, Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia.
2. Every 1.5km of land was exposed to 1000 tonnes of water
3. Resulted in total devestation to coastal regions
4. Water carried debris - such as cars, boats and rocks and caused futher damage and injured those people trapped.
4. Region of low lying coastal land completely destroyed.
6. 226,232 dead- including missing people
7. 165,945 casualties- high death toll due to peak season i
8. Up to 9000 tourists killed
9. 1/3 children died by drowning
10. Following disaster 150,000 deaths due to infections
11. More than 500,000 injured
12. survivors faced psychological and emotional traumas .
13. waves destroyed agricultural land, infrastructure and forests
14. 470,000 houses destroyed resulting in 1.8million displacement of people.
15. drinking water contaminated
16. in sumatra alone 1500 villages destroyed .
17. hospitals and medical centres destroyed meaning that medical help and equipment had to come from outside slowing the recovery process down.
18. Tourism industry affected
19. world heritage sites destroyed such as the tropical rainforest in indonesia.
20. economic losses - 10.9 billion
21. Impact on fishing communities in terms of fishing equipment and fishing men. 60% of sri lankas fishing fleet and industry destroyed have a negative impact on fishing economy for several years later as well.
39
Boxing day sunami- Tsunami case study
| Management
1. Due to economic development there were no sensors, no warning system or any disaster plans set in place- people were unaware = high death toll.
2. Main concern was to make sure the injured received adequate healthcare, sanitation and drinking water to prevent any futher diseases.
3. rapid burial of bodies to prevent disease from spreading= low disease rate.
SHORT TERM;
1. india sent 32 navy ships to help .
2. due to economic status and disaster they were completely reliant on foreign aid.
3. Aid was sent and so was forensic experts to identify bodies of victimes.
4. short term supplies sent such as water purification tablets, tempororay housing and medical supplies.
5. world food programme gave food for 1.3 million
6 total amount of aid was 7 billion
7. Uk govt disaster gave 32million
8. British public gave 330 million
9. action aid gave food to 13million.
LONG TERM
1. offered psychological counselling, paid for houses and boats for fishing
2. Short term recovery was hampered by aftershock
communication line and transport damaged.
14billion pledged and 11.6 billion received.
40
Responses to Boxing day sunami- Tsunami case study
1. Much human loss could have been reduced by adequate warning systems and preparation.
2. 2005 it was agreed that warning stystems were needed for the indian ocean- 25 seismic stations installed.
3. system linked to three deep ocean sensors and 25 seismiometer stations transmit information to 26 information centres and warn residents.
4. Alerts can be sent via text and email or fax
5. Public education also important and a british girl who knew about tsunamis saved families
6. National disaster warning to tell residents how to act appropriately during an event of tsunami.
7. UN helps by teaching awareness in schools,
trainining decision markets and broadcasting leaflets in different languages.
LONG TERM:
1. European govt pledged large sums of money to rebuild infrastructure, and fund schools and orphanages.
41
Tsunami case study ; Japanese tsunami 2011
Background;
1. The earthquake occurred along the japanese trench where the pacific plate subducted beneath the Eurasian plate.
2. Megathrust earthquake with a magnitude of 9.0
3. Earthquake lasted for 6 minutes
4. The 6-8m of vertical movement of the sea bed resulted in the displacement of several million tonnes of sea water triggering a tsunami.
5. Shallow focus of 29km depth
6. 11,044 aftershock occurred measuring a magnitude of 7.9 on the richter scale.
42
Tsunami case study ; Japanese tsunami 2011
| IMPACTS
1. Waves were so powerful and detected by low orbiting satellites.
2. around 400km of japans Northern coastline had subsided 0.6km allowing water to travel farther and farther inland putting coastal communities at greater risk.
3. Earthquake caused liquefaction
of soil- 200 landslides and severe structural damage to both buildings and infrastructure. disrupting communication and transport.
4. 265 people died during the earthquake
5. Tsunami travelled 500km per hour
6. Destroyed 10m high of sea walls.
7. 10% of japans fishing port destroyed.
8. 5million tonnes of debris swept away and 1.5million floating.
9. biggest impact to the nuclear power plant which caused loss of electricity power and severe explosions damaged builidings.
10. Leaking of radio active water contaminated water supplies and the soil. Cleaning water supplies is a pressing problem.
11. 127,290 bulings collaped
12. 272,788 half collapsed
13. 747,989 damaged
14. 4.4 million had no electricity
15. 1.5 million had no water.
16. world bank estimated economic cost of 235billion..
17.15,889 fatalities
- 6152 injures
- 2609 missing
- 92.4% causualties drowned
- 578 crushed by collapsing buildings
- 148 burn by secondary fires.
43
Responses and Management Tsunami case study ; Japanese tsunami 2011
1. Country was well equipped with monitoring and prediction - more than 1000 seismometers
2. japananese agency issued televised warning and sent texts 1min before earthquake and 20min before tsunami.
3. Prime minister set up emergency commitee within the first hour of earthquake.
4. 190 aircraft and 25 ships deplyed 2 days later.
5. LONG TERM
1. three relief budgets aimed at financing recontruction of destroyed coastal areas.
2. 116 countries sent search and rescue teams for aid.
3. Recovery was relativley quick due to economic wealth and capacity to cope
8. homeless provided with temp food and shelter
RECOVERY ;
1. japan invested in new and upgraded tsunami warning system. designed to be more accurate and efficient.
2. Efforts being directed into educating the public about the risks of tsunamis and what actions can be taken.
3. Low lying coastal land been allocated for agricultural purposed until new higher sea walls are constructed.
