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British Experience of Warfare - World War I > War in the Air - Bombing Civilian Targets (1) > Flashcards

War in the Air - Bombing Civilian Targets (1) Flashcards

1
Q

What was ‘strategic bombing’ and how was this used?

A
  • Strategic bombing of factories and transport links hoped this would degrade the enemy’s fighting ability and morale
  • Attacks on Britain by German Zeppelin airships led to demands that British retaliate
  • The British were not equipped for strategic bombing yet, no Zeppelins or heavy bombers were present
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2
Q

What did aviation writer C.G Grey say in a letter to the Air Board?

A
  • Suggested the ‘invasion of Germany from the air’
  • This chimed with popular mood and the Air Board was confident that they would produce surplus aircraft for such an offensive
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3
Q

What did Haig believe about bombing the civilian population?

A
  • He was heavily opposed to it
  • He believed ‘terrorising the civilian population’ was no way to win a war
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4
Q

What was formed in 1917 to fight Germany and what were they equipped with?

A
  • No.41 Wing
  • New HP 0/100 and 0/400 bombers and the DH4 light bomber
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5
Q

What did the Air Ministry create in June 1918?

A
  • Independent Air Force
  • This was a new bombing force
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6
Q

What did Trechard feel the effect of German bombing was on Britain?

A
  • Was more psychological than physical
  • Br official history of the war stated the moral effect to material effect of bombing was 20 to 1
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7
Q

How did Britain try to make more bombing raids than the Germans?

A
  • The Germans managed two Gotha raids and one Zeppelin raid per month
  • Britain aimed for two per day
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8
Q

What was the situation with the War Office in September 1914?

A
  • They had made little preparation for home defence against air attack
  • It expected any air threat would come from German airships which might carry out reconnaissance flights against naval forces and bases
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9
Q

What were Zeppelins, how did their purpose change?

A
  • Zeppelins were the largest aircraft of the time, over 500ft long
  • Initially were going to be used for reconnaissance, but in 1915 Kaiser authorised to use them for bombing of Britain
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10
Q

When was the first air raid on London?

A

31st May 1915
- Zeppelin LZ 38’s bombs killed 7 and injured 14 people

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11
Q

How many Zeppelin raids were there in total on Britain + amount of bombs dropped + casualties?

A
  • 51
  • 200 tons of bombs
  • 557 killed over 1,300 injured
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12
Q

Where did newspapers report anxiety amongst people about Zeppelin raids?

A
  • In undefended towns such as Yarmouth
  • Zeppelins were nicknamed ‘baby killers’
  • There was rumours of German sympathisers using lights to guide them and secrets of Zeppelin air bases in remote areas, e.g Lake District
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13
Q

How was the Daily Telegraph both outraged and dismissive?

A
  • It reassured readers that the airships were usually lost, ad that German reports of success were utterly inaccurate
  • Press reports deemed the damage as ‘not very serious’
  • However they also emphasised how this was a sign of German barbarity
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14
Q

When did the RFC take over home defence from the RNAS?

A
  • December 1915
  • Deployed 11 squadrons against German raiders
  • This had mixed results as the aeroplanes were not able to climb fast or high
  • Once they intercepted however the Zeppelins were easy targets
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15
Q

What was RNAS pilot R.A.J. Warneford remembered for?

A
  • Night of 6-7 June 1915 he dropped a bomb on Zeppelin LZ-37 over France
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16
Q

What was RFC Lt Leefe Robinson remembered for?

A
  • 2nd September 1916 shot down Schütte-Lanz airship SL XI over Hertfordshire using incendiary bullets
17
Q

Why were the authorities unsure about the use of air raid warning?

A
  • A fear of causing panic
  • ‘police officials’ in the Daily Telegraph objected to audible warnings and deemed them inadvisable
  • They believed that the shock of air raid alarms, might cause people to die of heart failure or fright or even go mad
  • People already flocked in packs to see Zeppelins passing, air raid warnings were thought to have led to general chaos
18
Q

What air raid warning measures were taken place and why did Straford-upon-Avon adopt these?

A
  • Restrictions on lighting in shops and trams, and a semi-blackout at night across England
  • Gas and electricity supplies were cut off during raids
  • Stratford-upon-Avon extinguished town lights as they believed its fame cause of Shakespeare would make it a target
19
Q

When were bombs dropped near Victoria Station?

A
  • 28th November 1916
  • German LVG C11 aircraft dropped six bombs near Victoria Station whilst trying to hit the admiralty building
20
Q

What did the Germans develop in 1917 that made them plan a more serious air offensive?

A
  • Their new Gotha heavy bomber
21
Q

What was the worst raid in London caused by the new Gotha heavy bomber?

A
  • 13th June 1917
  • Londons worst air raid killing 162 including 18 children at a school in Poplar
22
Q

What was the difference between Gothas and Zeppelins?

A
  • Gothas were smaller and harder to intercept and shoot down
  • Gothas also flew in greater numbers whereas zeppelins usually flew singly
23
Q

How did Haig respond to the Gotha raids of 1917?

A
  • Released two RFC Squadrons but wanted them back asap
24
Q

What happened on the 4th July 1917 that made Sir John French a ‘bag of nerves’?

A
  • 24 Gothas flew in across the North Sea and over East Anglia
  • 100 British planes had failed to intercept them
  • Sir John French was anxious that if London was subject to attacks it could be a disaster
25
Q

What did General Smuts’ committee help create and who was appointed the air defence chief ?

A
  • General Ashmore was the air defence chief
  • Created LADA (London Defence Area)
  • This was three extra air squadrons and an eastern barrier of AA guns
  • This was designed to reassure public opinion
26
Q

What workers were reluctant to come in 1917 and why?

A
  • Woowich’s Royal Arsenal workers
  • Stopped turning up due to Gotha Raids
27
Q

Where were people in east London taking cover from Gotha raids?

A
  • 300,000 reported taking cover in the tube
  • 500,000 in basement and cellars
28
Q

Why were German air raids causing more alarms from September 1917 onwards?

A
  • Germans changed from day raids to night raids
  • They sent even larger aircraft, the Giant R-types which could drop 1,000lb bombs (largest in the war)
  • Germans developed a new incendiary bomb in 1918, causing a threat of uncontrollable fires
29
Q

Did the Germans ever use their incendiary bombs?

A
  • No
  • The German gov decided against it as it would invite reprisals and jeopardise any peace settlement

British Experience of Warfare - World War I (10 decks)

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