War & Revolution - Tsars/Communists - (1855-1964) Flashcards
(29 cards)
Impact of Crimean War - How many Russian soldiers died during the Crimean War?
450,000 (This included combat causalities and death through disease)
When was the Treaty of Paris that ended the Crimean War?
1856 (The War lasted between 1853-1856)
Impact of Crimean War - Name two stipulations (Things covered) in the Treaty of Paris
- The duty to protect Christian subjects in the Ottoman Empire was handed
over to the other European powers. - Russia gave up its claim to act as the protector of the principalities.
n Russia had to agree to hand a substantial chunk of Bessarabia (part of the
south-west Russian Empire) to Moldavia. - Most importantly, Russia was prohibited from maintaining a fleet in the
Black Sea and had to remove all naval fortifications along the Black Sea
coastline. Given the logistical importance of this to Russia, such a measure
was humiliating.
Impact of the Crimean War - Name three weaknesses the Crimean War highlighted with regards to Russia as a fighting nation.
- Poorly equipped and poorly experienced soldiers (Namely because they were serfs)
- Poor transportation network.
- Pre Industrialised technology
Impact of the Crimean War: What was the emancipation of the serfs and when was this issued?
- This was releasing peasant serfs from control of the landowners in 1861.
Impact of the Crimean War: How did the Crimean War impact the rich nobility?
- Reduced political role for the nobility at local level
- Introduced the Zemstva which meant that local government members now had to be elected.
Impact of the Crimean War: How was the military reformed by Milyutin under Alexander II?
- Reduction of harsh punishments (such as running the gauntlet) within the armed forces.
- Reduction of tenure (time of service) a soldier had within the armed forces (dropped to 15 years)
- Promotion within the armed services based on merit and not on lineage.
Impact of the Crimean War: Name one other reforms that took place.
- Expansion of the railway network.
- Economic expansion; foreign expertise and loans
(Changes to Education & Church occurred but it is debatable this was a direct result of the war)
The Russo-Turkish War: Why did Russia face problems within the war?
- Milyutin’s reforms were still being developed and had not reached its peak or potential and as a result troops struggled.
Impact of the Russo-Turkish War: What was the name of the treaty that ended the war?
San Stefano (March 1879)
Impact of the Russo-Turkish War: Name two stipulations (aspects) of the treaty that ended the war.
Russia was to regain South Bessarabia, which it had lost during the Crimean
War.
Russia also made substantial territorial gains in the Caucasus.
Turkey was forced to pay a war indemnity to Russia.
Recognition was given to the independence of Serbia, Montenegro and
Romania. Serbia and Montenegro also made their own territorial gains.
Turkey was served the task of carrying out reforms to benefit Herzegovina
and Bosnia.
A ‘large’ Bulgaria was established.
Impact of the Russo-Turkish War: Why was the treaty limited by the Western Powers?
Unfortunately for Russia, the conditions of the treaty offended and worried
Austria-Hungary and Britain.
Russia feared that those who were upset might decide to provoke a bigger, more costly conflict over the Balkans. The tsar
therefore decided to accept an offer from the German chancellor, Bismarck, to
broker a bigger peace conference in Berlin.
Impact of the Russo-Turkish War: How was the treaty revised at the Conference in Berlin?
Russia was allowed to retain its right to South Bessarabia and gains in the
Caucasus.
Austria-Hungary was to govern Herzegovina and Bosnia.
Britain took over the administration of Cyprus to strengthen its interests and
influence in the Balkans.
Bulgaria became smaller
Impact of the Russo-Turkish War: How was the treaty to end the war taken by people at home?
Russian nationalists were very unhappy
at what happened in Berlin.
For the pan-Slavic supporters in particular, the concessions made to Austria-Hungary and Britain were unacceptable
What was the name of the Port that was the central focus of conflict with the Japanese in 1904?
Port Arthur
Why did racial attitudes play a part in the Russo-Japanese war of 1904-1905?
The Russians viewed the Japanese as inferior and assumed they would be a nation that could easily be defeated.
Impact of the Russo-Japanese War: Name two stipulations (aspects) of the Treaty of Portsmouth.
Russia was forced to withdraw from Port Arthur, south Sakhalin and south
Manchuria.
Russian leaders had to acknowledge Japanese sovereignty in Korea.
Reforms
Impact of the Russo-Japanese War: What consequence was unique about this war that was not seen in the previous two wars?
There was a revolution at home within Russia (1905 Revolution)
This saw workers, sailors and citizens rise up to challenge the Tsar - Autocracy was in the firing line.
Impact of the Russo-Japanese War: Name a reform that took place in 1905 as a consequence of the war.
Tsar initiated a Duma - Parliamentary Democratic body within Russia to dissolve the opposition.
Further investment in the transport and communication networks (this was still a problem on eve of the war)
Link the wars 1855-1905: In what way were the wars similar in their results?
Russia lost to enemies that, on paper, they
should have defeated
The Russian people were critical of leaders
and took to the streets to protest
The wars all led to programmes of reform
Some of the reforms were designed to
change the way Russia was governed but
autocracy remained in place after each
conflict
The wars were costly but not as damaging to
the economy as later wars proved to be
Link the wars 1855-1905: In what way were the wars different in their results?
The Crimean War was different from the
others in that Russia had to fight Britain and France as well as Turkey
The level of social unrest that followed the
Russo-Japanese War was much higher than
that which led on from the other two wars.
Some historians go as far as to say the
protests of 1905 constituted a revolution
The Russo-Turkish War had the least
significant impact on the development of
Russian government
Impact of the First World War: How many Russians lost their lives in World War One?
8 Million Casualties in total
In what year was the ‘Shell Crisis’?
1915
In what way did the transport system contribute to failings in World War One?
The railway infrastructure could not cope with the transportation of soldiers to the front, food to be delivered to both home front and trenches & the manpower of administering the train network during the war.
