WASH Lecture

Question 1

Definition of sanitation?

Answer 1

Safe disposal of excreta and human feces to protect health and contamination of the environment.

Question 2

Definition of sanitation chain?

Answer 2

Safe containment, transport, treatment and disposal/re-use of human excreta

Containment>emptying>transport>treatment>reuse/disposal

Question 3

Steps to sanitation ladder? (lowest to highes)

Answer 3

-Open defecation
-Unimproved
-Limited
-Basic
-Safely managed

Question 4

Open defecation definition?

Answer 4

Disposal of human faeces in fields, forests, bushes, open bodies of water, beaches and other open spaces or with solid waste

Question 5

Unimproved sanitation definition?

Answer 5

Use of pit latrines without a slab or platform, hanging latrines or bucket latrines

Question 6

Definition of limited sanitation

Answer 6

Use of improved facilities shared between two or more households

Ex)
- Dry pit latrines (lined with slab)
-Ventilated improved pit latrine (VIP)
-Urine diverting toilets

Question 7

Definition of basic sanitation?

Answer 7

Use of improved facilities which are not shared with other households

Question 8

Definition of safely managed sanitation?

Answer 8

Use of improved facilities which are not shared with other households and where excreta are safely disposed in situ or transported and treated off-site

ex) pour-flush connected to septic tank

Question 9

Examples of unimproved sanitation?

Answer 9

-Flying toilet
-Cat method
-Hanging latrine
-Pit latrines

Question 10

What are the pros and cons of pit latrines?

Answer 10

Pros: easy to build, low cost (to build and maintain)
Cons:
-flies
-odours
-needs emptying
-difficult to clean
-excreta visible
-needs sludge treatment
-pits are susceptible to overflowing
-stagnant water in pits can result in mosquito breeding
-can contaminate groundwater

Question 11

Pros and cons of a dry pit latrine?

Answer 11

Basic sanitation
Pros: easy to clean, more structurally stable, easy to build, no need for constant water source, low capital and operating costs
Cons: flies, odour, needs emptying (cost), requires sludge treatment, can contaminate groundwater

Question 12

Steps to faecal sludge management?

Answer 12

1. Empty pit (manual vs mechanical)
2. Transport faecal sludge
3. Treat (drying, chemical)
4. Dispose vs. re-use

Question 13

What diseases can improved sanitation reduce the risk of?

Answer 13

• Diarrheal illness (by 22%, 43$ in high-risk areas)
  -Ascaris
  -Hookworm
  -Strongyloides
  -C. trachomatis
  -Schistosomiasis
  -Nutrition

Question 14

What are the non-health benefits to sanitation?

Answer 14

• Privacy
• Female quality of life (withold food/drink, harassment/rape, imprisonment by daylight, menstrual hygiene management, school enrolment and attendance)
  -Improved disability access

Question 15

Water sources service levels?

Answer 15

1. Safely managed
2. Basic
3. Limited
4. Unimproved
5. Surface water

Question 16

Definition of safely managed water source?

Answer 16

Drinking water from an improved water source that is located on premises, available when needed and free from faecal and priority chemical contamination

Question 17

Definition of basic water source?

Answer 17

Drinking water from an improved water source, provided collection time is not more than 30 minutes for a round trip, including queuing

Question 18

Limited water source definition?

Answer 18

Drinking water from an improved source for which collection time exceeds 30 minutes for a round trip, including queuing

Question 19

Definition of unimproved water source?

Answer 19

Drinking water from an unprotected dug well or unprotected spring

Question 20

Definition of surface water drinking source?

Answer 20

Drinking water directly from a river, dam, lake, pond, stream, canal or irrigation canal

Question 21

Definition of an improved water source (WHO)?

Answer 21

A source that by nature of its construction or through active intervention, is protected from outside contamination, in particular from contamination with fecal matter

Question 22

Examples of improved water source?

Answer 22

-Piped water into dwelling
-Piped water to yard/plot
-Public tap/public standpost
-Tubewell/borehole/hand pump
-Protected dug well/spring
-Protected spring
-Rainwater

Question 23

Examples of unimproved water sources?

Answer 23

-(collected) surface water
-Unprotected dug well
-Unprotected spring
-Tanker truck/cart with tank

Question 24

Name 5 modes of point of use water treatment?

Answer 24

1. Chlorination
2. Boiling
3. Filtration
4. UV disinfection (SODIS)
5. Storage - water stored in covered tank, silt settles, some pathogens die off with time

Question 25

What are the four transmission routes for the Bradley Classification of Water-related infections?

Answer 25

1. Water-borne 2. Water-washed 3. Water-based 4. Water-related insect vector

Question 26

Definition of water-borne infection?

Answer 26

Infected from drinking it ex) chloera

Question 27

Definition of water-washed infection?

Answer 27

Person-to-person transmission due to inadequate personal and domestic hygiene ex) trachoma, conjunctivitis, louse-borne typhus

Question 28

Definition of water-based infection?

Answer 28

Transmission of infections via an obligatory aquatic host (snail) ex) schistosomiasis, guinea worm

Question 29

Definition of water-related insect vector?

Answer 29

Transmission by insects which breed (or bite near) water ex) malaria, dengue, yellow fever, sleeping sickness, filariasis

Question 30

Interventions targeting water-borne infections?

Answer 30

-Improve drinking water quality -Improve sanitation

Question 31

Interventions for improving water-washed infections?

Answer 31

-Increase quantity of water -Improved hygiene by increasing access and availability of water

Question 32

Interventions for water-based infections?

Answer 32

-Decrease contact with contaminated water -Control aquatic animals -Reduce excreta entering environment

Question 33

Interventions for water-related insect vector infections?

Answer 33

-Eliminate breeding sites -Netting -Repellent -Keep people away from breeding sites

Question 34

What is the "basic" access minimum of water as per WHO?

Answer 34

20 L/cap/day Needs to be available within 30 min (round trip)

Question 35

What is the WHO handwashing ladder levels?

Answer 35

1. Basic 2. Limited 3. No facility

Question 36

Definition of basic handwashing?

Answer 36

Availability of handwashing facility with soap and water at home

Question 37

Definition of limited hand washing?

Answer 37

Availability of a handwashing facility lacking soap and/or water at home

Question 38

Definition of no facility hand washing?

Answer 38

No handwashing facility on premises