WASTE, EXO,& ENDO

Question 1

ARE PROCESSES THAT TAKE PLACE AT OR NEAR THE EARTH’S SURFACE THAT MAKES THE SURFACE WEAR AWAY. EXOGENIC PROCESSES ARE VERY DESTRUCTIVE, THEY ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR DEGRADATION AND SCULPTING THE EARTH’S SURFACE.

Answer 1

EXOGENIC PROCESSES

Question 2

THE PROCESS THAT BREAKS DOWN ROCK INTO SMALLER PIECES
The disintegration of rocks, soil and minerals together with other materials through contact with Earth’s subsystems. The breaking down of soil and rocks happen in situ or on the spot.

Answer 2

WEATHERING

Question 3

breaking down of larger rock into smaller rocks. No chemical change to rock Example - Freeze thaw action

Answer 3

Mechanical

Question 4

a chemical reaction occurs in the rock causing it to dissolve and forming new substances. Example - Limestone dissolved by rainwater, forming calcium carbonate in caves

Answer 4

Chemical

Question 5

disintegration of rocks due to the actions of plants/animals

Answer 5

Biological

Question 6

occur on or near the surface Of Earth. They are usually influenced or driven by gravity, water, wind and organisms. These could be destructive occurrences that leave significant changes on the landscape and even in the ecosystem of an area. In extreme cases, it can wipe out majority of the organisms inhabiting that area.

Answer 6

EXOGENOUS (external)

Question 7

Thermal expansion and contraction repeated heating and cooling of materials cause rigid substances to crack and separate

Answer 7

Weathering

Question 8

The uplift and erosion of rocks overlying igneous rocks because pressure on igneous rocks is reduce exfoliation.

Answer 8

Unloading

Question 9

slabs of outer rock separate and break loose
is the removal of great weights of rock or ice that lie on the surface…. The process releases pressure on underlying rocks and causes them to expand upward and crack at the surface. As a result, greater areas of rock are exposed to mechanical and chemical weathering.

Answer 9

Exfoliation

Question 10

THOSE ROCK PARTICLES GET CARRIED AWAY BY WIND, WATER, ICE & GRAVITY
erosion is the action of surface processes (such as water flow or wind) that removes soil, rock, or dissolved material from one location on the Earth’s crust, and then transports it to another location (not to be confused with weathering which involves no movement)

Answer 10

EROSION

Question 11

refers to the disintegration or disaggregation of rocks by physically breaking them apart

Answer 11

Physical weathering

Question 12

Means that the surface of the rock is weathered due to the action of wind, water & gravity

Answer 12

Abrasion

Question 13

Freezing-Thawing_water expands when it freezes

Answer 13

Frost wedging

Question 14

rock breaks off into leaves or sheets along joints which parallel the ground surface;
caused by expansion of rock due to uplift and erosion; removal of pressure of deep burial

Answer 14

Exfoliation or unloading

Question 15

repeated daily heating and cooling of rock,
heat causes expansion; cooling causes contraction.
different minerals expand and contract at different rates causing stresses along mineral boundaries.

Answer 15

Thermal expansion

Question 16

In the same way in which sugar dissolves in tea, some minerals and rocks dissolve in rainwater.

Answer 16

SOLUTION

Question 17

is very similar to solution. It alfects rocks that are made up of calcium carbonate e g chalk and limestone Rainwater picks up carbon dioxide (CO2) in the air, so becomes a weak carbonic acid This then reacts with calcium carbonate (found in rocks such as chalk/limestone) to form calcium bicarbonate which dissolves weak points in the rock, forming cracks (see photo on left)

Answer 17

CARBONATION

Question 18

chemical reaction of a substance with oxygen causing a rust material to form

Answer 18

Oxidation

Question 19

chemical reaction of a substance with oxygen causing a rust material to form

Answer 19

Oxidation

Question 20

Types of Chemical Weathering

Answer 20

Carbonation
Hydrolysis
Hydration
Oxidation
Solution

Question 21

FACTORS THAT AFFECT PHYSICAL WEATHERING

Answer 21

ICE WEDGING, RELEASE OF PRESSURE, GROWTH OF PLANTS, ANIMALS, ABRASION

Question 22

FACTORS THAT AFFECT CHEMICAL WEATHERING

Answer 22

WATER, OXYGEN, CARBON DIOXIDE, LIVING ORGANISMS, ACID RAIN

Question 23

the chemical reaction of minerals with water
causes more chemical weathering than any other type
Feldspar reacts with water

Answer 23

Hydrolysis

Question 24

is the movement of rock, soil and regolith downward due to the action of gravity.
a collective term for a downslope transport of surface materials in direct response to gravity.

Answer 24

Mass wasting

Question 25

The BREAKING DOWN of rock. Weathering agents include: Water Ice, Wind Animals Growing Plants

Answer 25

Weathering

Question 26

The DROPPING of sediment in a NEW place.

Answer 26

Deposition

Question 27

ARE THOSE AREAS FOUND UNDER THE SEA THEY CAN BE RELATIVELY INACTIVE AREAS WHERE DEPOSITS OF SEDIMENT SLOWLY COLLECT OR ACTIVE AREAS WHERE TECTONIC PLATES MEET

Answer 27

OCEAN BASINS

Question 28

It is a natural process in which a material is carried to the bottom of bodies of water and forms to solid.

Answer 28

SEDIMENTATION

Question 29

most common in high- latitude or high- elevation tundra regions that have permafrost. is the slow downhill flow of soil.

Answer 29

Solifluction

Question 30

a type of mass wasting that can only be seen and be measured over a long period of time. Creep Solifluction

Answer 30

Slow mass wasting

Question 31

the principal force for mass wasting

Answer 31

Gravity

Question 32

Rapid movements are commonly found in steep slopes while slow movements are found on gentle slopes

Answer 32

Oversteepened slope

Question 33

rainwater adds weight and acts as a lubricant to weathered

Answer 33

Water

Question 34

It is a vibration and also a factor that triggers mass wasting

Answer 34

Earthquake

Question 35

Factors that affect mass wasting

Answer 35

1. Slope angle 2. Presence of water 3. Presence of vegetation

Question 36

a type of mass movement in which much of the involved material is pulverized that is broken into small fragments. powdery

Answer 36

Avalanche

Question 37

a mass wasting event that consists of Earth material plummeting downward freely through the air.

Answer 37

Fall

Question 38

Fast mass wasting

Answer 38

1. Fall 2. Avalanche 3. Slides 4. Slumps 5. Flow

Question 39

are briefer in duration, more damaging, and occur relatively steep slopes.

Answer 39

Fast mass wasting

Question 40

The slowest and least noticeable, but most widespread of the slow mass wasting categories. involves the entire hillside, and is characterized by very slow movement of soil or rock material over a period of several years.

Answer 40

Creep

Question 41

is a slow, gradual movement of soil or regolith downhill over time.

Answer 41

Soil Creep

Question 42

originates in the lower part of the Earth's crust and in the upper portion of the mantle known as asthenosphere. a mixture of molten rock, minerals and gases.

Answer 42

MAGMA

Question 43

Processes that is formed or occurring beneath the surface of the Earth. Earthflow is a downslope viscous flow of fine-grained materials that have been saturated with water and moves under the pull of gravity.

Answer 43

ENDOGENIC PROCESS

Question 44

are rotational slides where a thick block of soil moves along a concave or curved surface. is a type of mass wasting that results in the sliding of coherent rock materials along a curved surface.

Answer 44

Slump

Question 45

Magma develops within the upper mantle and crust where the crust where the temperature and pressure conditions favor the molten state. Magma collects in areas

Answer 45

Magma Chamber

Question 46

Magma rises towards the Earth's surface where are less dense surrounding rocks and when a structural zone allows movement.

Answer 46

Magma Escape Routes

Question 47

is the resistance to flow (an antonym for fluidity).

Answer 47

Viscosity

Question 48

Deep in the Earth, nearly all magmas contain gas dissolved in the liquid, As magma rises at the surface of the Earth, pressure is decreased and the gas forms a separate vapor phase. This is somewhat similar to carbonated beverages which are bottled at high pressure.

Answer 48

Gases in Magma

Question 49

involves the upward movement of the Earth's mostly solid mantle this hot material rises to an area of lower pressure through convection. the process of

Answer 49

Decompression Melting

Question 50

Happens when hot, liquid rock intrudes into the Earth's crust. As the liquid rock solidifies, it loses this heat and transfers it to the surrounding crust. This is similar to a hot fudge poured over cold ice cream.

Answer 50

Transfer of Heat

Question 51

It occurs when water or carbon dioxide added on rocks these affects the melting point of rock when added with water beneath the earth it generates magma

Answer 51

Flux Melting

Question 52

Rock Deformations

Answer 52

1.Stress 2.Strain 3.Joints 4.Faults

Question 53

This type of magma has viscosity level there has low in iron but high in potassium and sodium this form makes granite rocks.

Answer 53

Felsic Magma

Question 54

This normally found in volcano that erupts, after the eruption it releases a lava that has high silica and very viscous/it commonly produced Andesite Rock.a

Answer 54

Intermediate Magma

Question 55

has relatively low silica content but high in iron and magnesium. This magma has a low gas content and low viscosity, has high average temperature which contributes to its low velocity. Low velocity means that mafic magma is the most fluid of all magma types.

Answer 55

Mafic Magma

Question 56

The hottest and fastest flowing magma.

Answer 56

Ultramafic Magma

Question 57

Rocks buried deep within the Earth's crust behave differently when subjected to differential stress. It is impossible to produce fracture in rocks the way it is at the Earth's surface. Rocks become thicker under compressional stress and thinner under tensional stress. Rock layers tend to bend and go out of shape. The high temperature condition makes a rock softer, less brittle and more ductile.

Answer 57

Deformation

Question 58

For small differential stresses, less than the yield strength, rock deforms like a spring. It changes in shape by a very small amount in response to the stress. The deformation is not permanent. This deformation is reversable. The rock can return to its original shape.

Answer 58

Elastic deformation

Question 59

Near the Earth's surface rock behave in its familiar brittle fashion. If a differential stress is applied that is greater than the rock's yield strength, the rock fractures. Fracture is an is an irreversable strain wherein the rock breaks.

Answer 59

Brittle deformation or Fracture

Question 60

the force that could create deformation on rocks in their shape and/ volume. Great forces from several directions may act on the lithospheric plates causing them to move. Although this crustal plates are elastic solid, they are subjected to great forces such as pulling, pushing or squeezing.

Answer 60

Stress

Question 61

ability of a rock material to handle stress depends on the elasticity of the rock.

Answer 61

Strain

Question 62

fractures in rocks that show little or no movement at all.

Answer 62

Joints

Question 63

This is when rock is stretched apart or pulled apart. Where crustal plates diverge, rocks are pulled apart

Answer 63

Tensional stress (stretching).

Question 64

This is when rock is pressed, squeezed or pushed together. It's like a car caught in the middle of a long pile up on the highway. Where crustal plates collide, rocks are compressed or pushed

Answer 64

Compressional stress

Question 65

which results in slippage and translation. The rock is being pulled in opposite directions. It is similar to the motion between individual playing cards when the top of the stack is moved relative to the bottom

Answer 65

Shear stress

Question 66

Rock beneath the Earth's surface experiences equal pressure exerted on it from all directions because the weight of the overlying rock. It is like the hydrostatic stress (water pressure) that a person feels pressing all over his body when diving down deep in the water.

Answer 66

Lithostatic stress

Question 67

stress on rocks that are caused by an additional due to unequal stress due to tectonic forces.

Answer 67

Differential stress

Question 68

3 Kinds of Differential Stress

Answer 68

a) Tensional stress (stretching) b) Compressional stress (squeezing) c) Shear stress

Question 69

are extremely long and deep break or large crack in a rock a result of continuous pulling and pushing.

Answer 69

Faults

Question 70

Types of Faults

Answer 70

a) Dip-slip fault (Normal fault) b) Strike-slip fault c) Reverse (or thrust) fault

Question 71

occurs when brittle rocks are stretched-tectonic tensional forces are involved and the movement of blocks or rock is mainly in the vertical direction (sinking and rising).

Answer 71

Dip-slip fault (Normal fault)

Question 72

occurs when brittle rocks are sheared (the opposing tectonic forces are at right angles to compression and tension directions) and the movement of blocks of rock is chiefly in the horizontal direction. If the far side of the fault moves to the left relative to an observer it is called "sinistral strike- slip fault" (left-lateral).

Answer 72

Strike-slip fault

Question 73

occur when brittle rocks are pushed (the tectonic forces are compressional).

Answer 73

Reverse (or thrust) fault

Question 74

promoted by high temperature and pressure at great depth. When rocks deform in a ductile manner, instead of fracturing to form faults or joints, they may bend or fold and the resulting structures

Answer 74

FOLDS

Question 75

are the simplest types of folds, occur when the horizontal layers are bent upward so that two limbs of the fold are still horizontal.

Answer 75

Monoclines

Question 76

are folds structures when the original rock layers have been folded downward and the two limbs of the fold dip inward toward the hinge of the fold.

Answer 76

Synclines

Question 77

are fold structures formed when the originally rock layers have been folded upward and the two limbs of the fold dip away from the hinge of the fold.

Answer 77

Anticlines

Question 78

The MOVEMENT of sediment from broken rock. Erosion agents Include: Water, Wind, Ice, Gravity

Answer 78

Erosion

Question 79

Solid wastes that include household garbage rubbish, construction & demolition debris, sanitation residues, packaging materials, trade refuges etc. are managed by any municipality

Answer 79

Municipal Solid wastes

Question 80

Solid or liquid wastes including containers intermediate or end products generated during diagnosis, treatment & research activities of medical sciences

Answer 80

Bio-medical wastes

Question 81

Liquid and solid wastes that are generated by manufacturing & processing units of various industries like chemical

Answer 81

Industrial wastes:

Question 82

Wastes generated from farming activities.

Answer 82

Agricultural wastes

Question 83

Wastes generated due to fishery activities. These are extensively found in coastal & estuarine areas.

Answer 83

Fishery Waste

Question 84

Waste containing radioactive materials. Usually these are byproducts of nuclear processes. Sometimes industries that are not directly involved in nuclear activities, may also produce some radioactive wastes, eg radio-isotopes, chemical sludge etc.

Answer 84

Radioactive wastes

Question 85

generated from any modern establishments. They may be described as discarded electrical or electronic devices. Some electronic scrap components, such as CRTs, may contain contaminants such as Pb, Cd, Be or brominated flame retardants

Answer 85

E-wastes

Question 86

Kinds of Wastes

Answer 86

Solid Liquid Biodegradable Non-biodegradable Hazardous Non hazardous

Question 87

Substances unsafe to use comrnercially, industrially, agriculturally, or economically and have any of the following properties- ignitability, corrosivity reactivity & toxicity

Answer 87

Hazardous wastes

Question 88

safe to use commercially industrially, agriculturally, or economically and do not have any of those properties mentioned above. These substances usually create disposal problems

Answer 88

Non-hazardous Substances

Question 89

It is the most traditional method of waste disposal. Waste is directly dumped into disused quarries, mining volds or borrow pits Disposed waste is compacted and covered with soll Gases generated by the decomposing waste materials are often burnt to generate power. It is generally used for domestic waste.

Answer 89

LAND FILL

Question 90

waste treatment process that involves the combustion of solid waste at 1000C waste materials are converted into ash, flue gas, and heat. The ash is mostly formed by the inorganic constituents of the waste and gases due to organic waste the heat generated by

Answer 90

Incineration

Question 91

The waste is compacted or compressed. It also breaks up large or tagie items of waste. This process is conspicuous in the feed at the back end of many garbage collection vehicles. Deposit retuse at bottom of slape for best compaction and contrat al blawing late.

Answer 91

COMPACTION

Question 92

defined as thermal degradation of waste in the absence of air to produce char, and syngas, e.g. the conversion of wood to charcoal also it is defined as destructive distillation of waste in the absence of oxygen. External source of heat is employed in this process.

Answer 92

Pyrolysis