WATER

Question 1

Anticyclone

Answer 1

A system of high pressure, causing high temperatures and
unseasonably high evaporation rates.

Question 2

Aquifer

Answer 2

A permeable or porous rock which stores water

Question 3

Channel Flow

Answer 3

Water flowing in a rivulet, stream or river

Question 4

Convectional Precipitation

Answer 4

Solar radiation heats the air above the ground, causing it to rise, cool & condense forming precipitation (often as thunderstorms)

Question 5

Cryosphere

Answer 5

The global water volume locked up within a frozen state (i.e. snow and ice)

Question 6

Depression

Answer 6

A system of low pressure, with fronts of precipitation where low and high pressure air masses meet.

Question 7

Desalination

Answer 7

The conversion of seawater to freshwater, suitable for human
consumption.

Question 8

Desublimation

Answer 8

The change of state of water from gas to solid, without being a
liquid (the opposite process to sublimation)

Question 9

Drainage Basin

Answer 9

The area of land drained by a river and its tributaries

Question 10

Drainage Density

Answer 10

The total length of all rivers & streams divided by the area of the drainage basin

Question 11

Drought

Answer 11

An extended period of deficient rainfall relative to the statistical average for the region (UN)

Question 12

Economic Water Scarcity

Answer 12

When water resources are available but insufficient
economic wealth limits access to it

Question 13

ENSO Cycles

Answer 13

El Nino Southern Oscillations - naturally occurring phenomena that involves the movement of warm water in the Equatorial Pacific.

Question 14

Evapotranspiration

Answer 14

The combined total moisture transferred from the Earth to the
atmosphere, through evaporation and transpiration

Question 15

Frontal Precipitation

Answer 15

Where air masses of different temperatures meet at a front,
one mass will be forced over another, causing precipitation beneath the front.

Question 16

Global Hydrological Cycle

Answer 16

The continuous transfer of water between land,
atmosphere and oceans. The Earth is a closed system.

Question 17

Groundwater Flow

Answer 17

Water moving horizontally through permeable or porous rock
due to Gravity.

Question 18

Hydrological Drought

Answer 18

Insufficient soil moisture to meet the needs of vegetation at
a particular time

Question 19

Infiltration

Answer 19

The movement of water vertically through the pores in soil.

Question 20

Integrated Drainage Basin Management

Answer 20

Establishing a frame of coordinated efforts between administrations (e.g. local government) and stakeholders (e.g businesses) to achieve balanced management of a basin (World Bank)

Question 21

Interception

Answer 21

Raindrops are prevented from falling directly onto the ground, instead hitting the leaves of a tree.

Question 22

Meteorological Drought

Answer 22

When long-term precipitation trends are below average

Question 23

Monsoon

Answer 23

The drastic variation between wet and dry seasons for sub-tropical areas, caused by a changed prevailing wind. Can lead to annual flooding.

Question 24

Open System

Answer 24

A system affected by external flows and inputs (such as a drainage basin, or a sediment cell)

Question 25

Percolation

Answer 25

Water moving vertically from soil into permeable rock

Question 26

Physical Water Scarcity

Answer 26

A physical lack of available freshwater which cannot meet demand

Question 27

Relief Precipitation

Answer 27

Precipitation caused when air masses are forced to rise over high land, determined by the relief/ morphology of the land

Question 28

River Regime

Answer 28

The pattern of river discharge over a year

Question 29

Runoff

Answer 29

Water flowing over the surface of the ground eg. after precipitation or snowmelt.

Question 30

Salination

Answer 30

Where salt water contaminates freshwater stores or soils, creating saline conditions and reducing human use/ consumption.

Question 31

Saltwater Enroachment

Answer 31

The movement of saltwater into freshwater aquifers or soils. This may be caused by sea level rise, storm surges or over-extraction

Question 32

Smart Irrigation

Answer 32

Providing crops with a water supply less than optimal, to make crops resistant to water shortages.

Question 33

Storm Hydrograph

Answer 33

Variation of river discharge over a short period of time (days)

Question 34

Sublimination

Answer 34

The change of state of water from solid to a gas, without being a liquid.

Question 35

Throughflow

Answer 35

Water moving horizontally through the soil, due to gravity

Question 36

Transpiration

Answer 36

The process through which water evaporates through the stomata in plants' leaves

Question 37

Water Budget

Answer 37

The annual balance between inputs and outputs within a system

Question 38

Water Conservation

Answer 38

Strategies to reduce water usage and demand

Question 39

Water Recycling

Answer 39

The treatment and purification of waste water, to increase supply

Question 40

Water Scarcity

Answer 40

There are limited renewable water sources (between 500 and 1000 cubic metres per capita per year)

Question 41

Water Security

Answer 41

The ability to protect and access a sustainable source to adequately meet demand

Question 42

Water Sharing Treaty

Answer 42

International agreements for transboundary sources

Question 43

Water Transfer

Answer 43

Hard engineering projects, such as pipelines or aqueducts, that divert water between basins to meet demand

Question 44

Watershed

Answer 44

The boundary between neighbouring drainage basins