Water Flashcards
(41 cards)
Body water
Intracellular (muscle and skin) Extracellular (intestinal fluids, blood plasma, lymph, synovial and cerebrospinal fluids) Urinary and gastrointestinal tract. ••muscle is 75% water Chick is 85 % water Old bird is 70% water
Water
Cheap, abundant Indispensable nutrient. Thermoregulatory mechanisms and cellular transport systems. - 90-90% of blood; 70-90% of tissues - 10% loss is severe; 20% loss is deadly
Sources of water
Ingestion of drinking water ( pure form/ high quality) Moisture in the feed=10% (80-90 DM) Metabolic water ( water formed as a result of metabolic processes)
Functions
Transportation of nutrients and excretions Chemical reactions and solvent properties Body temp regulation Maintains cell shape Lubricates and cushions joints and organs in the body cavity
Water consumption
Requirement depends on environmental temp and relative humidity. General rule of thumb (two parts water/one part feed on a weight basis). •••water intake is directly related to feed consumption.
Factors influencing water requirements
Water temp Environmental temp Genetics Dietary composition -fiber (more=more water) -energy and protein -minerals = salt •••minerals = high salt and potassium concentrations causes increased water intake which will lead to wet litter. Too much water = wet litter problems.
Factors influencing water requirements
Feed form (pellets vs mash) Production purpose Age and sex Disease Management ••• production purpose (layers vs broilers vs turkeys) Old bird more water, male more water
Water temp
Prefer water at 50-55 F (10-13 C) Intake decreases at 90-95 F (33 C) Intake ceases at temp > 112 F (44.5 C) Cool water (decreases body temp and improves performance) Warm water (supports bacterial growth)
Environmental Temperature
- Water consumption doubles at 100 vs. 70 F
- Consume 30% less feed
- Exhale five times more respiratory moisture
- Excrete 30% less excreta and 25% less
water
- Eliminate three times more water
- Example
– Birds with higher water:feed ratio may
have improved feed utilization
Genetics
- Polydipsia: excessive drinking
- Polyuria: excessive urinary output
- Diabetes insipidus: kidney unable to
concentrate urine
Dietary Composition
Fiber
- High fiber increases water requirements
- Greater volume of excreta is produced with
normal excreta moisture.
• Bird requires more water in fecal
production
• Normal = 75% moisture ( in excreta)
Dietary composition 2
Energy and Protein
- High energy diets require less water
- High protein diets require more water
- Water formed/g nutrient metabolized
– Fat 1.07 g
– Carbohydrate 0.56 g
– Protein 0.34 g
Poultry diets are very low in fat so water intake must be increased to offset the little amount of water produced by diet.
Dietary composition 3
Energy and Protein
• Protein metabolism produces less water,
more body heat, and more uric acid
excretion
• Additional water is required for uric acid
synthesis as compared to urea
• Protein sources increase water requirement
Uric acid is top of excreta (white) pushes excess nitrogen out of body.
Dietary Composition 4
potasssium is another due to SBM
Minerals
• When any mineral is fed in excess,
excreta water content as well as water
consumption will increase.
• Sodium has the greatest impact.
Minerals
microsystem problems in the mill
Example
Dietary NaCl (%) Litter moisture (%)
- 25 16
- 50 17 17
- 75 22 22
Caking, Ammonia, etc
Feed Form
SBM is very high in potassium
- Pelleted feed increases water consumption.
- Finely ground feed increases water
consumption.
• Consumption of wheat, barley, and
soybean meal increases excreta moisture.
Production Purpose
2/3 water in egg
• Laying hens require more water
– Egg is 66% moisture
• Example–Gallons/100 birds/day
Level of Production (%)
0 20 40 60 80 90
3.7 4.4 5.1 5.8 6.5 6.8
=shrinkage when cooking
Age and Sex
32 week old hen has a lot of fat compared to the chick which has very little fat.
- Water consumption increases with age.
- Males consume more than females.
- Body water content decreases with age.
– One-week-old chick–85% of body weight
– 32-week-old hen–55% of body weight
• Increased fat deposition may result in decreased
water consumption
• Refer to water consumption tables
Disease
intestinal increases water consumption
• Intestinal diseases produce greater water
uptake and higher excreta moisture.
• Infectious diseases tend to decrease feed
and water consumption.
Management
incorrect pipe size
- Caged birds consume more water
- Bird density
- Type of drinker
- Pipe layout and sizing–See publication “Key
Water Factors for Broiler Production”
• Water quality–See table “Characteristics of Poor
Water Quality”
Water Consumption
manure handling problems=breeder houses underneath slats
• Water deprivation–Lack of water
– Chicks
– Adults
• Excess water consumption
– Manure handling problems
– Odor and fly control problems
– Dirty eggs
– Increased humidity in poultry house
Water Restriction
• On Growth
– Decreases growth rate
– At least 30 minutes/4 hours without water
• On Egg Production
– As little as 20 minutes/day without water
• Carcass Yield and Quality
– Decreased evisceration yield, blood loss,
and increased blood in wings
Water Quality
As pure as possible
- Free of pathogens
- Free of unpleasant odor or taste (sulfur)
- See publication– “Evaluating Water Quality
for Poultry”
Water supplies are dynamic
- Can change from season to season
- Influenced by droughts and floods
- Influenced by agriculture, industry and septic
systems
- Influenced by well depth and placement
- Influenced by the rock and soil it passes through
- Influenced by usage level
- Surface water supplies most vulnerable
- Contaminants are both good and bad
– Low levels may be fine but higher levels a
problem
– Combinations of certain contaminants can
create problems
