Water

Question 1

Hydrostatic Pressure

Answer 1

Pressure at a point in a body of water due to the weight of the overlying water column

Question 2

Aquiclude

Answer 2

An impermeable rock that doesn’t transmit water

Question 3

Porosity

Answer 3

The volume of pore space

=(Total volume of pore spaces/total volume of rock)*100

Question 4

Permeability

Answer 4

The rate of flow of fluids through a rock

=(Distance travelled/time taken)

Question 5

Artesian Basin

Answer 5

A large synclinal confined aquifer from which water comes up under pressure

Question 6

Hydrostatic gradient

Answer 6

=(height difference between two points/horizontal distance between them)

Question 7

Artesian Well

Answer 7

A well that holds water under hydrostatic pressure

Question 8

Recharge Zone

Answer 8

An area of an aquifer open to the atmosphere from which it can be replenished

Question 9

Water table

Answer 9

The boundary between saturated and unsaturated rock

Question 10

Aquifer

Answer 10

A body of porous and permeable rock that is capable of string and yielding significant amounts of water

Question 11

Cone of depression

Answer 11

A dip in the height of the water table around a well

Question 12

Draw down

Answer 12

Height difference between the water table and the height of water in the well

Question 13

Well

Answer 13

A borehole that is lined with an impermeable casing and produces water

Question 14

Abstraction

Answer 14

Removal of water from a source

Question 15

Hydrostatic head

Answer 15

The height of the overlying water column

Question 16

Problems with groundwater abstraction

Answer 16

Lowering of water table
Subsidence
Saltwater encroachment

Question 17

Threats to groundwater supplies

Answer 17

Pollution

Over-pumping

Question 18

Advantages of surface water

Answer 18

Easy abstraction
Reservoirs are multipurpose
Water can be treated after use and put back into river
Dams can be used for hydroelectric power

Question 19

Disadvantages of surface water

Answer 19

Dam construction can cause earthquakes
Reservoirs require dredging
Building reservoirs requires flooding land
Volume of water is seasonal as it requires sufficient rainfall
Building dams is expensive

Question 20

Advantages of groundwater

Answer 20

If artesian basin no/low pumping costs
Rocks act as a natural filter
Doesn’t need large infrastructure i.e. Dams
No loss of after through evaporation

Question 21

Disadvantages of groundwater

Answer 21

Requires suitable geology
Water may need treatment for dissolved salts
Subsidence
Pumping costs can be expensive
Pollutants are not easily removed from aquifer

Question 22

Artificial Recharge

Answer 22

When water is pumped into a source to replenish it

Question 23

Groundwater

Answer 23

Water retained in the pore spaces of rocks below the water table

Question 24

Types of Spring

Answer 24

Lithological spring - in valleys and next to igneous intrusions
Springs at a fault
Springs at unconformities