Water

Question 1

Hurricane

Answer 1

• intense, small, circular cyclone
• forms over warm ocean
• moist air rises in storm
• adiabatic cooling
• rain is created

Question 2

Tornado

Answer 2

• small intense cyclones
• descend from cumulonimbus cloud to ground
• very low pressure center, very high wind speed

Question 3

Supercell

Answer 3

• long lived organized thunderstorm

- maintained by strong rotating updraft

Question 4

Supercell cloud

Answer 4

-parent cumulonimbus cloud

Question 5

Mesocyclone

Answer 5

-rotating updraft in supercell cloud

Question 6

Funnel Cloud

Answer 6

Rotating Funnel -shaped extending down from base of supercell cloud

Question 7

Tornado

Answer 7

-funnel cloud that touches ground surface

Question 8

Common Tornado Season

Answer 8

-spring and summer

Question 9

Transpiration

Answer 9

• evaporation of water -at surface of cells in leaves
• loss of water vapour through stomata
• water that evaporates from the leaves draws water from the roots

Question 10

Transpiration Rate

Answer 10

-requires water, energy, humidity gradient, and unsaturated atmosphere

Question 11

Transpiration and Temperature

Answer 11

• increased!

- evaporation and diffusion go faster

Question 12

Transpiration and Humidity

Answer 12

• decreased

- diffusion out of leaf slows because air surrounding is moist

Question 13

Transpiration and Wind Speed

Answer 13

• increased!

- wind removes water vapour, increasing diffusion rate

Question 14

Transpiration and Light Intensity

Answer 14

• increased!

- stomata opens wider

Question 15

Potential Evapotranspiration

Answer 15

• amount of water that would evaporate and transpire under unlimited soil moisture conditions
• maximum capacity

Question 16

Actual evapotrasnpiration

Answer 16

• amount of water transformed into water vapour and released into the atmosphere through evapotranspiration
• water use

Question 17

AET = PET means…

Answer 17

-constant and sufficient water supply

Question 18

AET

Answer 18

• not enough available water

- produces deficit

Question 19

Precipitation > and < PET

Answer 19

• surplus if >

- deficit if

Question 20

Water Cycle: Input & Output

Answer 20

• precipitation is input

- evapotranspiration is output

Question 21

Water Cycle: Storage

Answer 21

-atmosphere, oceans, surface water, soil water, groundwater

Question 22

Water Cycle: Transfers

Answer 22

-currents, runoffs, streams, infiltration, percolation

Question 23

Interception Storage Capacity

Answer 23

-max amount of rain that can be held by vegetation at any time

Question 24

Interception loss

Answer 24

-water that is evaporated during the storage time

Question 25

throughfall

Answer 25

-precipitation reaching the ground surface directly

Question 26

Groundwater

Answer 26

- water which occupies the saturation zone (23% of global freshwater) - upper surface of this zone is the water table - above that is the zone of aeration (unsaturated zone)

Question 27

Groundwater and Streamflow: Effluent Conditions

Answer 27

-water table is higher than the stream channel

Question 28

Groundwater : Influent COnditions

Answer 28

-water table is lower than stream channel

Question 29

hydrology

Answer 29

-science of water at and below Earth's surface

Question 30

fluvial (river) systems: Driving forces

Answer 30

-gravity and insolation

Question 31

Gradient of a Stream

Answer 31

-drop in elevation per unit distance

Question 32

Steep gradient means the stream velocity is...

Answer 32

higher

Question 33

Base Level (Stream)

Answer 33

-level below which a stream cannot erode its valley

Question 34

Q(Runoff) is..

Answer 34

the streamflow volume passing a point in a given unit of time

Question 35

Hydrograph

Answer 35

-graph of stream discharge over time for a specific location

Question 36

Base Flow

Answer 36

-regular dry weather discharge

Question 37

Stream Stage

Answer 37

-height of water surface above an established altitude where the stage is zero

Question 38

Discharge increase means..

Answer 38

-stream width, depth and velocity increase

Question 39

Discharge increase happens because

Answer 39

-the distance downstream increases or | due to a rainstorm

Question 40

storm hydrograph

Answer 40

- graph of the change in discharge due to a specific storm | - varies with intensity of the storm and nature of catchment area

Question 41

Lakes

Answer 41

-bodies of water that occupy depressions in land surface

Question 42

Natural and Anthroprogenic processes affect water ways by..

Answer 42

- create depressions to form lake | - obstruct flow of streams

Question 43

Lake Inflow

Answer 43

- precipitation - overland flow - interflow - seepage from groundwater - inlet streams

Question 44

Lake Outflow

Answer 44

- evaporation - lake bed drainage - outlet streams

Question 45

Lakes disappear due to

Answer 45

- drainage of lake water (outlet channels) - excessive evaporation - accumulation of sediments from inlet streams and overland flow

Question 46

Limnology

Answer 46

study of physical, chemical, biological, and geological characteristics of inland water

Question 47

Oceanography

Answer 47

-study of phys, chem, bio, and geological characteristics of oceans

Question 48

Ocean Physical Structure

Answer 48

- mixing zone (2%) - thermocline (18%) - deep ocean cold zone (80%)