water + air Flashcards
(31 cards)
earth’s water - source composition
71% of the surface
96.5% - oceans
1.7% - glaciers, ice caps, snow
1.7% - groundwater, lakes, rivers, streams
0.0001% - water vapour in atmosphere
1% - available water for supply needs
Case - Ponte du Gard Aqueduct, France
- One of the best-preserved Roman aqueduct bridges remaining
- Shelly limestone (highly fossiliferous) - locally quarried
- Transported water >50km, 40,000 m3 a day - Roman baths, fountains, homes in the colony of Nemausus (Nîmes)
Case - Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam
Built 2010-2023
Roller-compacted concrete
Gravity dam - on Blue Nile River
Electricity production - largest hydroelectric power plant in Africa
Hydropolitics / water politics - disputed effect on Egypt and Sudan’s water availability
Case - Chand Baori, India
- Stepwell in Rajasthan - arid, hot environmental context
- 3500 steps, 13 stories
- Constructed 8-9th century
- Designed to conserve as much water as possible + climate/temp regulation (5-6C cooler at the lowest elevation compared to the surface)
Case - Water Playscape, Elephant Park London
- Sensory aspects of water as a material
- Gillespies Landscape Architects 2021
- 300 tonnes of Northern Italian porphry stone - hard wearing + lack of slip resistance when wet (comes from porosity)
Case - Zalige Bridge, Netherlands
- Next Architects and H+N+S Landscape Architects
- Parts of the bridge are revealed / hidden by changing water levels
- Part of a flood management program
Contested nature - ocean views
- Psychological benefits of a view of water
- Access to greenspace, views becomes politicised, based on class etc.
Case - Waterline Park, China
- Chengdu, China
- Lab D+H
- Temporary and dynamic characteristic of water, focus on interactivity
- Defining space by moving water
- 12 waterscape nodes (mist, rapid, still, shallow, deep) - 800m ditch
Potential sensory elements/benefits of water (5)
- Sound - blocks noise, rhythmic
- Visual - calming/exciting, movement + flow
- Touch - cooling/warming, mist
- Taste
- Smell - salty, organic/brackish, chlorinated
Case - Hyperlane Linear Sky Park, China
- Chengdu, China, by Aspect Studio
- 2.4km linear sky-level park connects a train station and university
- Network of planters/water gardens - ‘water carpet’
- Shallow water - reflection, textural contrast
Case - Henning G. Kruses Plads, Denmark
- Bjarke Ingels Group (BIG)
- 10m diameter round basin filled w shallow water - surrounded by birch forests
- Vibrations from surrounding buildings - keeps water in constant motion, representing sound visually (cymatic design)
Case - Falling Water, Pennsylvania, US
- Frank Lloyd Wright, 1934-1937
- Built over a waterfall, designed for sound and acoustic qualities
- Iconic example of synthesising indoor + outdoor spaces and qualities in a single design
Case - Mateo House, Mexico
- Zozaya Architecture in Zihuatanejo, Mexico
- Completed 2022
- East/west views of the Pacific Ocean
- Shallow infinity pool in the centre of the residence - connection to landscape
Case - Freeway Park, Seattle US
- Seattle, Washington
- Lawrence Haprin & Associates, 1976
- Built over a highway - water used for acoustic masking and space differentiation
Case - Ira Keller Forecourt Fountain
- Portland Orgeon, US
- 1970
- Imposed water feature on a steep slope
- “Abstraction of a mountain waterfall”
- Fountain as a theatre set / event space
- Inspiration - Columbia River Gorge (east of Portland)
- Vandalism - soaping - safety + damage issues
Case - Biotop/Water Garden, Tokyo
- Transplated trees + organic, geometric shallow pools
- 2013-2018, by Junya Ishigami + Associates
- Highly cultivated/manicured
- Water sourced from an irrigation system
- Ice + snow completely transforms the experience of space - pools of semi-opaque ice
Case - National September 11 Memorial Museum (Ground Zero), NYC
- Reflection of absence - contemplative, symbolic
- Sunken pools - footprint of the twin towers
- Textural materials, lighting + sensory
Case - Szechenyi Bath, Budapest
- 1909, Gyozo Czigler
- Water supplied from local hot springs
- Largest medicinal bath in Europe
- Warming effect (74-77 C) + lighting (use at night)
- Forms of water, steam interacts w light
Case - Therme Vals Spa, Switzerland
- Peter Zumthor
- Ritualised water use - purification
- Relationship between indoor/outdoor space at different scales - vistas vs. water use
- Concrete + quartz slabs - reaction with the water (colouration, porosity)
Case - Rain Room, St Kilda Melbourne
- Art group Random International
- Interactive art installation
- Union of technology + natural processes
Case - Warka Water system, Cameroon Ethiopia
- Arturo Vittori + Andreas Vogler
- Pilot project in Dorze, then Cameroon (South Ethiopia)
- Functional purpose - harvesting water (rain, fog + dew)
- Named after fig tree native to Ethiopia
- Gravity, condensation + evaporation
- Materials - earth, water, stone, wood + natural fibres
- Easily built and maintained with simple tools
Water used in creation of materials
examples (3)
Making + curing concrete, bricks
Increases plasticity, moulding capabilities
Weathering steel (e.g. Corten steel) - speeds up process by spraying w water
Vegetation + plant/plant-based materials
Key aspects of air/atmosphere as a material
(7)
- Air quality (Toxcity,)
- Air circulation (flow, ventilation)
- Temperature (regulation, comfort)
- Space + voids
- Transmission/alteration/creation of sound
- Light + reflections
- Inflation
Plants / air quality
In indoor settings - vegetation can filtes air, remove excess humidity, absorb harmful/toxic airborne elements
Gasoline, paint, rubber, smoke, detergent particles
Paint laquer fumes given off by furniture
