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carbon and water cycles > water and carbon statistics > Flashcards

water and carbon statistics Flashcards

1
Q

what percentage of primary energy consumption does the world rely on fossil fuels for

A

the world relies of fossil fuels for 87% of its primary energy consumption

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2
Q

how many tonnes of carbon are transferred to the atmosphere every year by the burning of fossil fuels

A

8 billion tonnes of carbon are transferred to the atmosphere by the burning of fossil fuels every year

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3
Q

how many tonnes of carbon does deforestation transfer to the atmosphere annually

A

deforestation transfers approximately 1 billion tonnes of carbon from the vegetation store to the atmosphere every year

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4
Q

how many tonnes of carbon are stored by oceans every year

A

2.5 billion tonnes of carbon are stored by oceans annually

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5
Q

how much carbon does the amazon rainforest store

A

76 billion tonnes

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6
Q

give an example of where human activity is influencing the water cycle through acquifers

A

over pumping on the Bangladeshi coasts is resulting in insertions of salt water in fresh water aquifers, making the water unfit for consumption and irrigation

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7
Q

how much of the terrestrial carbon pool do wetlands contain

A

35%

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8
Q

how much of earths’ surface are occupied by wetlands

A

6-9%

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9
Q

how much of earths’ surface are occupied by wetlands

A

6-9%

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9
Q

how much of earths’ surface are occupied by wetlands

A

6-9%

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10
Q

how much of its wetlands have canada’s prairie provinces lost since the 20th century

A

70%

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10
Q

how much of its wetlands have canada’s prairie provinces lost since the 20th century

A

70%

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11
Q

how much of its wetlands have the Us contiguous states lost since 1600

A

half

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12
Q

what is an international organisation working on wetland restoration

A

the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands

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13
Q

what is the UNs afforestation scheme

A

the UNs Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation scheme

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14
Q

what is China’s afforestation scheme

A

scheme began in 1978, aims to plant 400,000km2 of trees by 2050, using mainly fast growing species such as birch

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15
Q

what are three forms of unsustainable agriculture

A

over cultivation, over grazing, excessive intensification

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16
Q

what are three types of sustainable agriculture

A

land and crop management (crop residue, polyculture, zero tillage)
manure management
livestock management

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17
Q

what did the paris agreement aim to do

A

reduce CO2 emissions below 60% of 2010 levels and avoid global warming over 1.5 degrees

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18
Q

when was the kyoto protocol

A

1997

19
Q

which two rich countries refused to ratify the kyoto protocol agreements

A

australia and the usa

20
Q

what are the two types of credits awarded in cap and trade

A

carbon credits

carbon offsets

21
Q

at what scale are carbon and water cycles closed systems

A

global scale

22
Q

at what scale are carbon and water cycles open systems

A

local scales- eg the rainforest ecosystem

23
Q

what percentage of water on the planet does oceans contain

A

oceans contain 97% of all water on planet earth

24
Q

what is high intensity precipitation

A

10-15mm per hour

25
Q

what percentage of moisture in the atmosphere is transpiration responsible for

A

transpiration is responsible for 10% of moisture in the atmosphere

26
Q

what are the three types of clouds formed by condensation

A

cumuliform, stratiform and wispy cirrus clouds

27
Q

what are the three types of lapse rates

A

environmental lapse rates, dry adiabatic lapse rates, saturated adiabatic lapse rates

28
Q

how much carbon is transferred from the atmosphere to plants and phytoplankton by photosynthesis every year

A

120 gigatonnes a year

29
Q

which ecosystem requires natural combustion

A

the coniferous forests in the rocky mountains

30
Q

what is a region of downwelling in the ocean for the physical pump

A

the north atlantic between greenland and iceland

31
Q

how much carbon is drawn into oceans by the biological pump every year

A

50 gigatonnes

32
Q

what are four management strategies used for oil extraction in the arctic tundra

A

elevated pipelines and buildings
lateral drilling
remote prospecting
gravel pads

33
Q

how much carbon does fossil fuel consumption release into the atmosphere globally

A

10 billion tonnes

34
Q

what percentage of world primary energy is supplied by nuclear and renewable sources

A 
nuclear= 4%
renewables = 2.5%
35
Q

give a fact that demonstrates how atmospheric co2 levels are higher than ever before in modern history

A

today, atmospheric CO2 levels are at the highest in 800,000 years

36
Q

what is a solution to the CO2 emissions from fossil fuels that doesn’t involve halting the combustion of fossil fuels

A

Carbon Capture and Storage- capturing Co2 released by the burning of fossil fuels and storing it, rather than allowing it to be released into the atmosphere

37
Q

how could carbon capture and storage help US carbon emissions

A

40% of all emissions in the US are from coal and gas, CCS has the potential to reduce these emissions by 80%

38
Q

give a CCS project that failed

A

the Drax project in North Yorkshire, designed to capture 2 million tonnes of carbon a year was axed in 2016

39
Q

how much precipitation may be lost to evapotranspiration in dry areas of the UK during summer

A

in the driest parts of the UK, 80% of precipitation may be lost to evapotranspiration during summer months

39
Q

how much precipitation may be lost to evapotranspiration in dry areas of the UK during summer

A

in the driest parts of the UK, 80% of precipitation may be lost to evapotranspiration during summer months

40
Q

by how much do atmospheric levels of CO2 fall during summer months in the northern hemisphere

A

2ppm

41
Q

how much lower were average temperatures in the last glacial than today

A

during the last glacial period, 20,000 years ago, average temperatures were 5 degrees lower than today

42
Q

what were global average temperatures like 250 million years ago

A

22 degrees- 7-8 degrees higher than today

43
Q

how much does the sea level fall by during glacial periods

A

100-130cm

44
Q

how much do atmospheric carbon levels fall to during glacial maximi compared to during inter glacials

A

180ppm, whereas during warmer interglacials they are 110ppm higher

45
Q

how much ahs plant cover been reduced in historical times due to deforestation

A

deforestation has caused a reduction in global plant cover by around 50% in historical times

46
Q

how much CO2 from burning fossil fuels does phytoplankton absorb

A

50%

carbon and water cycles (4 decks)

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