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Chem/Physics (Exams 2 and on) > Water and electrolytes > Flashcards

Water and electrolytes Flashcards

1
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure?

A

it is the pressure exerted by an fluid at equilibrium due to the force of gravity
Pressure= force/area

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2
Q

What is the concentration of solutions?

A

amount of solute per unit volume of solvent

concentration= amount solute/volume solvent

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3
Q

Ion

A

atom or group of atoms with an electrical charge
cation +
anion-

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4
Q

Valence electrons

A

the number of electrons in an atom’s outermost energy level (shell)

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5
Q

Valency

A

the combining power of an atom
the absolute number of electrons that are gained,
lost, or borrowed in order to have a full outermost
energy level
Elements with 4 electrons will share them such as
Carbon
Examples:
oxygen has 6 valence electrons so its valency is 2
sodium has 1 valence electron so its valency is 1

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6
Q

osmosis

A

the net diffusion of water across a membrane

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7
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

the pressure that must be applied to a solution to prevent the net flow of water into it
the amount of pressure required to prevent
osmosis is called the osmotic pressure
per k= (m x v^2)/2 large and small particles exert the
same osmotic pressure

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8
Q

Osmotic pressure is directly related to

A

the solute concentration (osmolality)

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9
Q

What contributes the most to osmotic pressure of body fluids?

A

electrolytes; they determine the distribution of body water

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10
Q

What is an osmol?

A

one mole of solute particles dissolved in a solution
indicator of osmotic activity
the term osmole refers to the number of osmotically active particles rather than the molar

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11
Q

1 mole/1 L is equal to

A

1 osmol/ 1L or 1 osmM

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12
Q

1 osmole is equivalent to

A

1 mole which is equal to 6.02 x 10^23 particles

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13
Q

What osmolality do we use when referring to the body?

A

we utilize milliosmoles for body fluids

1 mOsm= 1/1000 osmoles

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14
Q

What is osmolarity?

A

the osmotic concentration of a solution expressed as OSMOLES of solute per LITER of solution

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15
Q

What is osmolality?

A

the osmotic concentration of a solution expressed as OSMOLES per KG of solution
285-295 mOsm/kg is normal osmolality for adults
275-290 mOsm/kg is normal osmolality for
children

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16
Q

What is an isotonic solution?

A

the solution has the same solute concentration as our cells

0.9 NS or LR

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17
Q

What is a hypotonic solution?

A

the solution has less solute concentration than our cells so water will want to move into cells and cause them to burst
ex.: D5 or .45 NS

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18
Q

What is a hypertonic solution?

A

the solution has more solute concentration than our cells so water will want to move out of cells and cause them to shrink
Ex. 3%

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19
Q

What is colloid osmotic pressure?

A

high MW substances such as proteins (albumin) do exert a colloid osmotic pressure (oncotic pressure)
proteins are confined in the vascular space whereas all other dissolved solutes pass freely through the capillary pores

20
Q

What is the total body weight of water?

A

60%
in a 70 kg person 3L is plasma, 11 L is ISF, and 28 L is intracellular
We can calculate these for any body weight

21
Q

What electrolytes have the highest concentrations extracellularly?

A

Na+, Cl-, and bicarb

22
Q

What electrolytes have the highest concentrations intracellularly?

A

K+, Mg+, proteins, phosphate, and organic anions have the highest concentrations inside the cell

23
Q

Explain the Donnan equilibrium effect.

A

Proteins that have multiple negative charges attracts cations, cations bring water (hydration spheres) so osmotic pull is much larger than expected for 1 protein
-electroneutrality is maintained in the plasma and ISF
the presence of negatively charged non-diffusible proteins molecules on one side of a membrane leads to an excess of diffusible cations and a deficit of diffusible anions on the same side

24
Q

What is a colloid solution?

A

colloids are big proteins that cannot diffuse across the plasma membrane; they have negative ions so they pull water into the plasma

25
Q

If we have 1 mole of Cl-. How many moles of Ca2+ will balance the charge on 1 mole of chloride?

A

Ca2+ is divalent thus half a mole of Ca2+ will balance 1 mole of negative charge

26
Q

Conversion between mEq and moles and milligrams for 222 mg CaCl2 in 1 L of fluid

A

222 mg CaCl2 & MW is 111 grams/mole
111 grams/mole= 111 mg/mmole
so 222 mg/111 mg/mmole= 2 mmole
2 mmoles/ 1 L
For Ca2+: 2 mmoles in 1 L x valency of 2= 4 mEq/L
For Cl-: 4 mmoles in 1 liter x valency of 1= 4 mEq/L of anion

27
Q

Why do we use mEq/L over mg/deciliter?

A

mEq/L shows neutrality

Mg has to be converted to moles of ions and valence to assess neutrality

28
Q

What is Van Hoff’s Law & it’s relationship to osmotic pressure and fluid movement?

A

osmotic pressure= CRT
where C is concentration in osmoles/L
R= ideal gas constant of 62.36
T= Temperature in Kelvin

29
Q

Example of Van Hoff’s Law: what is the osmotic pressure of 0.9% NaCl?

A

9 grams/ 1 L
9 grams/58 g/mole
0.155 moles/ 1 L or 0.155 molar x 1000= 155 mmoles/Liter
NaCl dissociates into Na+ and Cl- so we have 2 osmoles (155 mmoles x 2)
= 308 mOsmoles/L
= 308 mOsmoles/L x 62.36 x 310 K
=5,954 mmHg

30
Q

What is the volume of distribution for colloid solutions?

A

albumin- plasma

PV/Vd = 3/3 so 100% of it stays in the plasma

31
Q

What is the volume of distribution for isotonic solutions?

A

NS & LR
Plasma and ISF
3/14= 20% fraction left in plasma

32
Q

What is the volume of distribution for hypotonic solutions?

A

D5W
plasma, ISF, ICF
3/42= 7% fraction left in plasma

33
Q

What is the volume of distribution for hypertonic solutions?

A

3%
plasma, ISF, and draws fluid in from ICF
cannot calculate d/t this

34
Q

Be able to calculate the Net Capillary Filtration given the Pc, Pif, πp and πif / determine which way fluid will flow

A

Net filtration pressure (NFP) = (Pc – Pif) – (πp – πif)
Where Pc = capillary hydrostatic pressure (outward)
Pif = interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure (inward) (is usually -3mmHg)
Πp = osmotic force due to plasma protein concentration (inward)
Πif = osmotic force due to interstitial fluid protein concentration (outward)

35
Q

What is the major extracellular ion?

A

Na+ & it is a good reflection of osmolality

If Na+ goes up sodium is not the issue, H2O is

36
Q

Electroneutrality is maintained

A

in plasma and ISF

37
Q

Conversion of mg/dl to mEq/Liter

A

mEq/Liter= (mg/dl x 10 x valence)/atomic weight

38
Q

Proteins are

A

multi-valent (many negatively charged areas) and thus, can attract multiple cations

39
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

is directly related to concentration of the solute and it determines how water moves

40
Q

The water concentration of a solution depends on

A

the number of particles in the solution

we define this in osmoles

41
Q

The amount of pressure required to prevent osmosis is known as

A

osmotic pressure

42
Q

increased osmotic pressure

A

higher solute concentration and lower water concentration

43
Q

The osmotic pressure is directly proportional

A

to osmolarity or the concentration of osmotically active particles in the solution

44
Q

1 molecule of NaCl has XXXX the osmotic effect of 1 molecule of glucose

A

twice

45
Q

A large force acts to move H2O across the cell membrane when

A

intracellular and extracellular fluids are not in osmotic equilibrium
1 mosmole = osmotic pressure of 19.3 mmHg

46
Q

When the MW of a substance is low

A

there will be MORE molecules per a given unit weight

more molecules–> greater osmotic pressure

47
Q

Plasma volume expansion equation

A

Plasma volume expansion= plasma volume/volume of distribution

Chem/Physics (Exams 2 and on) (9 decks)

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