water and protein topic 2

Question 1

What is food?

Answer 1

material which after ingestion is capable of being digested, absorbed and metabolised

Question 2

define ingestion

Answer 2

process of taking food into your body

Question 3

define digestion

Answer 3

process of breaking down larger molecules in food into smaller ones capable of being absorbed across the GIT

Question 4

define absorption

Answer 4

process of absorbing the end product of digestion across the GIT

Question 5

define metabolism

Answer 5

process whereby absorbed nutrients are utilised to meet the animals requirements for energy, protein etc.

Question 6

what are the 2 major components of food?

draw the nutrients in feed diagram

Answer 6

food= water and DM

DM= organic and inorganic

organic= carbs, lipids, proteins, vitamins

Question 7

why choose a feed sample of 10% water over a 50% water?

Answer 7

has less water content so hence a higher DM (90%) content, be of greater nutrient value

Question 8

define organic matter

Answer 8

carbon based

Question 9

why is water important?

Answer 9

60-70% of animals body, essential for bodily processes

Question 10

what are 5 functions of water?

Answer 10

solvent, in metabolic processes (sweat), transport, tissue fluid and saliva

Question 11

what are the 3 major sources of water?

Answer 11

metabolic water, drinking and food

Question 12

what are the 2 types of water loss, give an example of each

Answer 12

sensible losses
- urine, faeces and sweat

insensible losses
- respiration

Question 13

why is there a variation for water requirements in animals?

Answer 13

heat production (increases requirements)
feed intake (increase in intake, increase in water req)
salt
accessibility 
quality 
species
physiological stage (e.g. lactation)
enviro adaptations

Question 14

what are 3 things to consider when assessing water quality?

Answer 14

potential toxins
excess solids
chemical residues

Question 15

list the steps nutrients in feed must go through to be useful to the animal

Answer 15

ingestion-
taking food into the body

digestion-
breaking down larger molecules into smaller ones capable of being absorbed

absorption-
absorbing the end products indigestion across the GIT

metabolism-
absorbed nutrients are utilised to meet animal requirements

Question 16

what compounds can be potentially toxic to animals if drunk?

Answer 16

blue-green algae, nitrates, fluorine

Question 17

why are proteins important?

Answer 17

essential to life, major part of all living tissue

Question 18

what are the 4 main functions of proteins?

Answer 18

immunity
(immunoglobulins)
structural
(hair)
metabolism
(enzymes)
potential energy source
(not efficient)

Question 19

where do proteins come from?

Answer 19

diet

Question 20

what makes up proteins?

Answer 20

aa

Question 21

what is the basic structure of an aa?

Answer 21

amino group (NH2)
carboxyl group (COOH)
central carbon
r group

Question 22

what is an essential aa, list them (10)

Answer 22

animal cannot syn

arginine
histidine
isoleucine
lysine 
leucine
methionine
phenylalanine 
threonine
tryptophan 
valine

Question 23

where are proteins digested in monogastrics and ruminants?

Answer 23

SI and

rumen microbes then finally by animal in SI

Question 24

what form of proteins are absorbed into the blood across SI wall in mongastrics?

Answer 24

aa and dipeptides

Question 25

what breaks down proteins in the stomach and SI?

Answer 25

stomach HCL and pepsin SI trypsin, chymotrypsin, peptidases

Question 26

what is the limiting aa?

Answer 26

the first limiting aa is most likely to be limiting

Question 27

what is biological availability of protein?

Answer 27

not all ingested proteins are accessable to the animal, those that are are considered biologically available

Question 28

what determines the protein requirements of a mongastric?

Answer 28

``` age - higher demand in young stage - lactating and pregnant maintenance -has lowest requirements ```

Question 29

why does the digestion of proteins differ from mongastrics?

Answer 29

presence of microbes, modifying affect of rumen

Question 30

what is the role of microbes in ruminant digestion of protein?

Answer 30

they have 1st access before SI enzymes they secrete break down proteins into ammonia and some aa which they use to build proteins for themselves microbes die, wash to SI microbes digested by animal, then absorb aa through SI

Question 31

what is MCP?

Answer 31

microbial crude protein, ruminants absorb most protein though microbes. this gives its measure

Question 32

what is UDP? when would be the advantage of increasing this? (ruminants)

Answer 32

undegradable dietary protein, protein that escapes microbial digestion in rumen. can do this by heating feed or adding chemicals (formaldehyde) usually MCP enough, but in high producing cows (milking) may need to increase UDP

Question 33

what us NPN?

Answer 33

non protein nitrogen e.g. urea microbes need N so they can synthesise protein, feed NPN to increase protein in ruminant little affect on monogastrics as the cannot use NPN

Question 34

draw a flow diagram of protein digestion in ruminants

Answer 34

page 48 study guide

Question 35

what are the ruminant protein requirements?

Answer 35

don't have essential aa to same extent as monogastrics, microbes syn

Question 36

what is crude protein?

Answer 36

includes all N sources in feed (protein and non protein)

Question 37

how is crude protein calculated?

Answer 37

total N content X 6.25

Question 38

when is urea used?

Answer 38

to increase crude protein uptake in ruminanants crude protein = 281% (45% N X 6.25) shouldn't feed as more then 1% of diet- too much = rapid build up of ammonia = toxic

Question 39

what is urea poisoning and how can it be avoided?

Answer 39

too much urea in diet =rapid build up of ammonia = toxic ``` avoided by introducing slowly feed at low levels mix thoroughly (no big clumps) use blocks/open feeders (access at lib) ```

Question 40

define protein quality

Answer 40

dietary proteins containing essential aa at the level needed by the animal = high quality proteins

Question 41

what regulates absorption of water?

Answer 41

osmotic pressure

Question 42

what are the 2 protein classes give examples

Answer 42

simple - only aa - either fibrous structural role e.g. collagen - or globular e. g. albumin conjugated - contain non protein groups - glycoproteins - lipoproteins

Question 43

what are the 5 types of N compounds

Answer 43

``` nucleic acids amines amides nitrates alkaloids ```

Question 44

what are endopeptidases and exopeptidases?

Answer 44

o Endopeptidases  Break proteins at internal points along AA chains  Produce essentially no free AAs o Exopeptidases  Release individual AAs from ends of peptide chains

Question 45

what are zymogens?

Answer 45

digestive enzymes released from stomach or pancreas in the inactive form