Water And Water Supply Systems

Question 0

Goes on continually in living cells, metabolic breakdown of essential molecule as proteins and carbohydrates

Answer 0

Hydrolysis

Question 1

Is the most basic and fundamental of component of life on earth

Answer 1

Water

Question 2

Is a great source for supplying our water needs, but it is also one that is susceptible to contamination

Answer 2

Ground water

Question 3

4 properties of water

Answer 3

1. Heat capacity
2. Surface tension
3. Capillarity
4. Dissolving ability

Question 4

Water has the ability to absorb heat without becoming much warmer itself. (Properties of water)

Answer 4

Heat capacity

Question 5

Is the ability of water to stick to itself and pull itself together. Water molecules cling together so tightly that it can support objects heavier than itself. This can be demonstrated on a dripping tap. As water drips, each drip cling to the tap, stretches, is released and forms into a tiny ball (properties of water)

Answer 5

Surface tension

Question 6

The ability of water to climb up a surface against the pull of gravity (Properties of water)

Answer 6

Capillarity

Question 7

Water has the ability to dissolve almost any substance, it is known as a universal solvent (properties of water)

Answer 7

Dissolving ability

Question 8

Readily found in nature, as impounded from precipitation, contains impurities (physical, chemical, bacteriological or radiological)

Answer 8

Natural water

Question 9

Water which undergoes treatment, either physical, biological or chemical means to improve water quality

Answer 9

Purified water

Question 10

Is an artificial means of obtaining a chemically pure water

Answer 10

Purification

Question 11

Water with any material or substance that affects the quality of water and affects the health of an individual

Answer 11

Contaminated water

Question 12

Water with the presence of any foreign substance (organic, inorganic, radiological, biological) which tends to degrade its quality so as to constitute health hazard and impair the potability of water

Answer 12

Polluted water

Question 13

Water with the presence of elements such as calcium, magnesium, iron, and aluminum which causes hardness. This is characterized by the difficulty of producing lather form detergents and the presence of scale deposits in pipes and heaters or boilers

Answer 13

Hard water

Question 14

Water without the presence of calcium and magnesium. This is characterized by easiness of producing lather from detergents and absence of scale formation in boilers, heaters and pipes

Answer 14

Soft water

Question 15

Water from laundries, wash basins, sinks, shower, bathtubs

Answer 15

Grey water

Question 16

Water-plus-human waste that is flushed out of toilets and urinals

Answer 16

Black water

Question 17

Rain, surface run-off

Answer 17

Storm water

Question 18

9 uses of water

Answer 18

1. Nourishment
2. Cleansing and hygiene
3. Ceremonial uses
4. Transportational uses
5. Cooling medium
6. Ornamental entertainment element
7. Protective uses
8. Recreation/ relax
9. Therapy and medication

Question 19

Much of the human body is water, the most abundant chemical in our body as well as in our diet
(Uses of water)

Answer 19

Nourishment

Question 20

Water is a nearly ideal medium for the dissolution and transport of organic waste and its high heat storage capacity makes the attainment if comfortable temperatures for bathing easy. Much larger quantities of water are used for cleaning than for nourishment
(Uses of water)

Answer 20

Cleansing and hygiene

Question 21

Largely through its associations with cleaning, water acquired a ceremonial significance that remains particularly evident in religious services. Examples of the ceremonial use of water include vessel containing holy water at entrances to Catholic churches, pools in the forecourt of mosques and full immersion baptismal fonts at the altars of some Protestant churches. The opportunities for esthetic expression are particularly rich in these ceremonial application

Answer 21

Ceremonial uses

Question 22

Waterways had been developed for this purpose to allow the passage water vessels and to be able to transport large quantities of goods as well as people

Answer 22

Transportational uses

Question 23

Water has a remarkable cooling potential: it stores heat readily, removes large quantities of heat when it evaporates, and vaporizes readily at temperature commonly found at the human skin surface water is also used in some devices that needs the removal of heat easily and efficiently

Answer 23

Cooling medium

Question 24

Especially useful designs characteristics of water include its reflectivity which sets it apart from most plant and ground materials in garden; its liquidity which creates unique sounds wherever it moves; and its life sustaining potential which allows the addition of both water plants and animals to a garden

Answer 24

Ornamental entertainment element

Question 25

Water is an essential element in fire protection. The vast qualities of water potentially required for firefighting must be delivered quickly; the result is pipes of enormous sizes regulated by very large valves. Despite its size and guarantee of at least partial exposure in public places, a fire protection water supply system is rarely treated as a visually integral design element

Answer 25

Protective uses

Question 26

Physical characteristic of water caused by the presence of suspended materials such as clay, silt, other inorganic material, planktons or finely divided organic materials

Answer 26

Turbidity

Question 27

Physical characteristic of water caused by dissolved organic matter as from decaying vegetation. Some organic material also color water as do growths of microorganisms. Like turbidity, such color changes usually do not threaten health but often are psychologically undesirable

Answer 27

Color

Question 28

Physical characteristics of water that can be caused by organic compounds, inorganic salts or dissolved gases. This condition can be treated only after a chemical analysis has identified which source is responsible

Answer 28

Taste and odor

Question 29

In general, water supplied between 50 and 60 degrees is preferred ( physical properties of water)

Answer 29

Temperature

Question 30

Physical characteristic of water caused by concentration of detergents. The foam itself does not pose a serious health threat, but it may indicate that other, more pollutants associated with waste are also present

Answer 30

Foamability

Question 31

Chemical characteristics of water caused by bicarbonate, carbonate or hydroxide components. Testing for these components of water's alkalinity is a key to which treatments to use

Answer 31

Alkalinity

Question 32

Chemical characteristic of water caused by calcium and magnesium salts and can be classified as temporary and permanent

Answer 32

Hardness

Question 33

Is a measure of water's hydrogen ion concentration, as well as its relative acidity or alkalinity

Answer 33

pH

Question 34

Water with a pH of 7

Answer 34

Neutral

Question 35

Water with pH below 7

Answer 35

Acidic

Question 36

Water with pH above 7

Answer 36

Alkaline

Question 37

Chemical characteristic of water that are occasionally present in water supplies.

Answer 37

Toxic substances

Question 38

Chemical characteristics of water that can enter water as it passes through geological deposits formed by marine sediment, or because of pollution from sea water, brine or industrial or domestic wastes

Answer 38

Chlorides

Question 39

Chemical characteristic of water that can enter water from natural copper deposits or from copper piping that contains corrosive water

Answer 39

Copper

Question 40

Chemical characteristics of water that is frequently present in ground water. Corrosive water in iron pipes will also add iron to water

Answer 40

Iron

Question 41

Chemical characteristic of water that can both pose a psychological threat and produce color and taste effects similar to those produced by iron

Answer 41

Manganese

Question 42

Chemical characteristics of water that in high concentrations pose a threat to infants, in whom it can cause blue baby disease. In shallow wells, this concentration can indicate seepage from deposits of livestock manure

Answer 42

Nitrates

Question 43

This is a growing threat to water supplies and are particularly common in wells bear hones that have been treated for termite control. Chemical characteristics

Answer 43

Pesticides

Question 60

These are usually made in small sizes so thatthey can be attached to water faucets

Answer 60

Porous stone, ceramic or unglazed porcelain filters (Pasteur filters)

Question 61

A combined process that removes iron and or manganese from water. The chlorine chemically oxidizes the iron or manganese which form precipitates. Chlorine also kills iron bacteria and disinfects

Answer 61

Fine filtration

Question 62

These are particularly effective for removing tastes and odors. Water is passed through granular carbon which attracts large quantities of dissolved gases, soluble organics and fine solids

Answer 62

Activated carbon filters

Question 63

A widely used method for desalting seawater, sometimes used to reduce the mineral content in water. An inert, semi-permeable membrane has higher pressure supply water on one side, as the pressure slowly forces water through this filtering membrane, most of the minerals are removed

Answer 63

Reverse osmosis

Question 64

This is the most important health-related water treatment although chlorination has become the standard approach to removing harmful organism from water, there are other alternatives

Answer 64

Disinfection

Question 65

4 chemical disinfectants

Answer 65

1. Chlorine 2. Chloramines 3. Chlorine dioxide 4. Iodine

Question 66

This is the most widely used disinfectant in municipal water system in most parts of the world

Answer 66

Chlorine

Question 67

These compounds, resulting from the reaction of ammonia with chlorine in water solution are commonly used in municipal water supply systems

Answer 67

Chloramines

Question 68

Exhibits stronger disinfecting characteristics than chloramines but there is little evidence of extensive use of the disinfectant

Answer 68

Chlorine dioxide

Question 69

Common relative of chlorine has been used for years by campers for disinfecting drinking water of unknown quality

Answer 69

Iodine

Question 70

Is a simple approach to purification that produces the equivalent of bottled water for drinking, cooking and laboratory uses

Answer 70

Distillation

Question 71

Its advantages is that children who drink fluoridated water have lower rates of tooth decay. Its disadvantages are that only children need the fluoride, not adults and that in amounts above those used in water treatment, fluoride is toxic and can cause mottled teeth

Answer 71

Fluoridation

Question 72

It is important to control corrosion in order to keep water systems operating freely and to prevent corrosive water from increasing the concentration of hazardous materials

Answer 72

Corrosion control

Question 73

Is a slow degradation of a metal by a flow of electric current from the metal ti its surroundings

Answer 73

Corrosion

Question 74

Some organisms may be not be injurious to health but can multiply so rapidly that piping or filters become clogged or the water's appearance, odor and taste are affected

Answer 74

Nuisance control

Question 75

Is a mechanism of contaminant removal making use of the adsorption phenomenon, the act of physical adhesion of molecules or colloids to the surface of the medium without chemical reaction

Answer 75

Adsorption

Question 76

Is a method of treating relatively small-scale water supplies. In this process the water is exposed to ultraviolet radiation after it has been filtered

Answer 76

Ultraviolet irradiation

Question 77

The procedure is done by heating seawater then pumping water into a low pressure tank, where the water partially vaporized

Answer 77

Water desalination

Question 78

That portion of the rainwater which has percolated into the earth to form underground deposits called ___

Answer 78

aquifers

Question 79

As a source of water can be extracted in many different ways, wells..

Answer 79

Groundwater

Question 80

Are holes in the earth from which a fluid may be withdrawn using manual or mechanical means such as draw bucket, pump, etc.

Answer 80

Wells

Question 81

This water comes from rains that is absorbed into the ground and is slowly filtered through the different layers of the ground and into the ground-water reservoir known as aquifers

Answer 81

Water wells

Question 82

These can be constructed with hand tools or power tools. It can be dug to a depth of about 15 meters and can have the greatest diameter that a space may allow

Answer 82

Dug wells

Question 83

These are the simplest and usually the least expensive. A steel drive-well point is fitted on one end of the pipe section and driven into the earth

Answer 83

Driven wells

Question 84

These are dug with earth augers are usually less than 30 meters deep. They are used when the earth to be bored is boulder free and will not cave in

Answer 84

Bored wells

Question 85

These requires more elaborate equipment of several types depending on the geology site

Answer 85

Drilled wells

Question 86

Utilize cutting bit at the lower end of the drill pipe; a drilling fluid is constantly pumped to the cutting bit to aid in the removal of particles of earth which are then brought to the surface

Answer 86

Rotary drilling methods (either hydraulic or pneumatic)

Question 87

A mixture of surface run-off and groundwater. Surface sources include rivers, lakes, and ponds and impounding reservoirs

Answer 87

Surface water

Question 88

3 common types of pumps

Answer 88

1. Positive displacemet 2. Centrifugal 3. Jet pumps

Question 89

A positive displacement pump having a plunger that moves back and forth within a cylinder equipped with check valves

Answer 89

Reciprocating pump

Question 90

Has a helical or spiral rotor. As the rotor turns, it traps water between it and the sleeve thus forcing the water to the upper end of the rotor

Answer 90

Rotary pump

Question 91

A turning vertical shaft within a rubber sleeve

Answer 91

Rotor

Question 92

This type of pump contains an impeller mounted on a rotating shaft

Answer 92

Centrifugal pump

Question 93

Has a vertical turbine located below groundwater levels and a driving motor located higher up, usually over the well casing at grade level

Answer 93

Turbine pump

Question 94

Are designed so that motor can be submerged along with the turbine without damage to itself and the its internal components

Answer 94

Submersible pump

Question 95

A venturi tube is added to the centrifugal pump. A portion of the water that is discharged from a centrifugal pump at the wellhead is forced down to a nozzle and venturi tube

Answer 95

Jet or ejector pump

Question 124

Is primarily harmful to people with heart, kidney, or circulatory ailments

Answer 124

Sodium

Question 125

Have laxative effects, it can enter groundwater from natural deposits of salts

Answer 125

Sulfates

Question 126

It sometimes enters groundwater in areas where it is found in abundance. Although not a health threat, it can cause an undesirable taste at concentrations above 5 mg/l

Answer 126

Zinc

Question 127

as it moves downward from the surface it slowly dissolves some minerals contained in rocks and soils

Answer 127

Chemical characteristics

Question 128

Potable water should be kept as free as possible from disease-producing organisms- bacteria, protozoa and viruses

Answer 128

Biological characteristics

Question 129

Coliform group which is present in fecal matter of humans as well as those of birds and other animals causes diseases

Answer 129

Bacteria

Question 130

4 water qualities

Answer 130

1. Physical characteristics 2. Chemical characteristics 3. Biological characteristics 4. Radiological characteristics

Question 131

13 water treatments

Answer 131

1. Sedimentation 2. Coagulation (Flocculation) 3. Aeration (Oxidation) 4. Ozonation 5. Filtration 6. Disinfection 7. Distillation 8. Fluoradation 9. Corrosion control 10. Nuisance control 11. Adsorption 12. Ultraviolet irradation 13. Water desalination

Question 132

This process removes some suspended matter from water simply by allowing time and the inactivity of water to do the work of settling out heavier suspended particles

Answer 132

Sedimentation

Question 133

This process also removes suspended matter, along with some coloration. A chemical such as alum (hydrated aluminum sulfate) is added to turbulent water

Answer 133

Coagulation (Flocculation)

Question 134

This process can improve the taste and color of water, remove iron and manganese and decrease in corrosiveness. As much of the water surface as possible is exposed to air.

Answer 134

Aeration

Question 135

This is less esthetic than aeration but more certain oxidation process. It is commonly used in cooling tower treatment and in addition it has a very wide range of treatment application

Answer 135

Ozonation

Question 136

This very common treatment can remove suspended particles, some bacteria and some color

Answer 136

Filtration

Question 137

Used for rainwater application, low maintenance, easily constructed devices that should be cleaned as often as the turbidity of water demands. They are cleaned by the removal of filters, which are either washed for reuse or discarded

Answer 137

Slow Sand filters

Question 138

It requires control and the attention of the operation, and thus are rarely used for individual water systems.

Answer 138

Pressure sand filters

Question 139

This can be either vacuum or the pressure type. They require periodic attention to make it effective

Answer 139

Diatomaceous earth filters

Question 140

2 water distribution systems

Answer 140

1. Direct pressure system | 2. Indirect system

Question 141

2 under indirect system

Answer 141

1. Upfeed and gravity return | 2. Hydropneumatic system